Conflict side

Iraqi government and security forces Weapons and Military Equipment

Iraqi government and security forces is a canonical grouping for Iraqi state military and internal-security forces across Saddam-era wars, the post-2003 force rebuild, and the 2013-2017 campaign against the Islamic State. The profile covers regular armed forces, post-2003 Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Interior institutions, the Counter Terrorism Service, and legally incorporated or Iraq-aligned security formations where catalog records support the attribution.

98 weapon systems
Overview

Iraqi government and security forces is a descriptive side label rather than a single official institution. It spans Saddam-era Iraqi state forces documented in the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, the Iraqi no-fly-zone conflict, and the 2003 invasion period, then separates those records from the post-2003 Iraqi Armed Forces and internal-security bodies rebuilt after the Coalition Provisional Authority dissolved the former defense, intelligence, security, Republican Guard, and regular military entities.

The modern security architecture is layered. Iraq's constitution places commander-in-chief authority with the prime minister, while federal security functions are divided among Ministry of Defense forces, Ministry of Interior police and border forces, the Counter Terrorism Service, the National Security Service, and the Popular Mobilization Forces. Counter-ISIS records also intersect with Kurdish, tribal, and coalition partner forces, so individual weapon entries remain the authority for whether a system is Iraqi-operated, partner-operated, supplied, captured, or only coalition-supported.

The Saddam-era portion of the catalog is built around imported and adapted conventional forces. Iraqi state forces fielded Soviet and Warsaw Pact armor, artillery, aircraft, air-defense systems, and ballistic missiles; French and other European aircraft and missiles; Chinese-supplied systems; and a domestic sustainment base focused more on ammunition, repair, replacement parts, rockets, mortars, and delivery systems than on full-spectrum major-platform production.

The 1990-1991 Gulf War and the 1991-2003 no-fly-zone period shifted the equipment record toward air defense, missile launches, naval mines, armored formations, and surviving Iraqi air and ground systems facing a technologically superior coalition. Sanctions and combat losses increased the importance of repair, spares, concealment, and local industrial workarounds, but did not erase Iraq's dependence on foreign-origin fleets.

The 2003 invasion created an institutional break. CPA orders dissolved the former armed and security entities, created the New Iraqi Army, and then placed the renamed Iraqi Armed Forces under a reestablished Ministry of Defence. U.S. and coalition funding, training, logistics, and procurement programs then shaped the Iraqi Security Forces, even as early assessments repeatedly identified sustainment, command-and-control, intelligence, and accountability gaps.

The 2013-2017 war against the Islamic State added another layer: Iraqi Army, Iraqi Air Force and Army Aviation, Federal Police, Counter Terrorism Service, border forces, Kurdish security forces, Popular Mobilization Forces, tribal forces, and international coalition elements operated in overlapping but not identical chains of command. The side catalog therefore treats counter-ISIS attribution narrowly, highlighting systems only when linked through catalog conflict-use data and preserving caveats for PMF, Peshmerga, tribal, and coalition records.

Saddam-era force recordspost-2003 security rebuildcounter-ISIS force mixforeign supply and sustainmentPMF and partner-force caveats
Featured Weapons
T-72, Main battle tank, Tanks

T-72

A core Soviet-origin Iraqi tank entry spanning Saddam-era armored forces in the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, and the 2003 Iraq War.

Tanks / Main battle tank
BMP-1, Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored Vehicles

BMP-1

Represents Iraqi mechanized infantry equipment documented in Gulf War and 2003 Iraq War records, pairing troop mobility with a direct-fire armament package.

Armored Vehicles / Infantry fighting vehicle
M1 Abrams, Main battle tank, Tanks

M1 Abrams

Marks the post-2003 armored-force rebuild and the U.S.-supplied Iraqi M1A1 fleet documented in counter-ISIS fighting.

Tanks / Main battle tank
CH-4B UAV, Medium-altitude long-endurance armed reconnaissance UAV, Aircraft & UAVs

CH-4B UAV

Shows Iraq's armed-UAV layer during the anti-Islamic State campaign and the diversification of post-2003 procurement beyond U.S. equipment.

Aircraft & UAVs / Medium-altitude long-endurance armed reconnaissance UAV
TOS-1A Solntsepyok, 220 mm thermobaric multiple rocket launcher, Artillery

TOS-1A Solntsepyok

A distinctive counter-ISIS heavy-fire system linked to Iraqi forces during the Mosul campaign and other late-war urban assaults.

Artillery / 220 mm thermobaric multiple rocket launcher
Scope Across Regimes

The label joins records from very different Iraqi state-security periods. In the Iran-Iraq War, Gulf War, no-fly-zone conflict, and the opening phase of the 2003 Iraq War, it refers to Iraqi state forces under Saddam Hussein's government, including regular army, air force, air-defense, missile, naval, Republican Guard, and security formations where individual entries support those records.

Post-2003 records require a hard institutional break. CPA Order Number 2 dissolved the former Ministry of Defence, regular military services, Republican Guard, Special Republican Guard, intelligence services, Saddam Fedayeen, Ba'ath Party militia, and related entities. CPA Order Number 22 then created the New Iraqi Army, while CPA Order Number 67 renamed it the Iraqi Armed Forces and placed it under the Ministry of Defence.

Modern visible copy should therefore avoid treating an Iraqi T-72 in 1991 and a post-2003 Iraqi M1A1 Abrams as products of the same uninterrupted institution. They belong to the same canonical side because both are Iraqi government/security-force records, not because the forces, command systems, procurement channels, or legal frameworks were continuous.

Modern Security Architecture

Iraq's 2005 constitution defines the prime minister as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, while federal security institutions are distributed across several ministries and directly attached services. Public country guidance describes the federal security apparatus as including the armed forces, police, Emergency Response Division, provincial emergency police, Border Guards, Counter Terrorism Service, National Security Service, and Popular Mobilization Forces.

The Ministry of Defense side of the system covers regular military functions, while the Ministry of Interior is tied to policing and internal-security roles such as police, border enforcement, facilities protection, and federal police functions. The Counter Terrorism Service is a separate counterterrorism institution, described by Brookings as an independent, quasi-ministerial organization with CTS headquarters, Counter Terrorism Command, and Iraqi Special Operations Forces brigades.

The Popular Mobilization Forces require separate handling. A 2016 law gave the PMF a formal place in Iraq's security establishment, but analytical and country-guidance sources continue to describe uneven integration, factional influence, and command-and-control ambiguity. Kurdish Peshmerga forces and international coalition forces also appear in counter-ISIS records, but they are not ordinary Baghdad-commanded military branches.

Foreign Supply, Domestic Sustainment, and Sanctions

Saddam-era Iraqi forces were heavily foreign-supplied. CRS data hosted by SIPRI identifies the Soviet Union as the largest supplier for 1983-1990 arms deliveries to Iraq, with China, major West European suppliers, and other European suppliers also providing large shares. This supplier mix matches the catalog's emphasis on Soviet armor and aircraft, French missile and aviation systems, Chinese-derived equipment, and Warsaw Pact artillery and air-defense systems.

Iraq's domestic military industry was important but narrower than the major-platform inventory suggests. Secondary industrial summaries describe Iraq becoming self-sufficient in many ammunition and munitions categories by the late 1980s, while still relying on foreign sources for advanced aircraft, tanks, and other complex systems. After the 1990 embargo, repair, spares, sustainment, and locally adapted delivery systems became more important for keeping aging fleets usable.

Post-2003 procurement inverted much of the earlier pattern. U.S. security assistance, Foreign Military Sales, Iraq Train and Equip Fund spending, Counter-ISIS Train and Equip Fund support, NATO advisory work, and Russian, Chinese, Korean, and legacy acquisitions all fed a mixed force. The result was a fleet in which M1 Abrams tanks, HMMWVs, MaxxPro MRAPs, F-16s, AC-208s, CH-4B UAVs, Mi-28s, Mi-35s, TOS-1A launchers, Soviet-origin artillery, and legacy small arms could all appear in nearby Iraqi or Iraq-aligned records.

Counter-ISIS Force Mix

The 2013-2017 war against the Islamic State was not fought by a single Iraqi formation. CJTF-OIR and U.S. Army campaign histories describe coalition air, training, advising, equipping, and partner-force support alongside Iraqi operations. Iraq-aligned forces included regular Iraqi Security Forces, Counter Terrorism Service units, Federal Police, Kurdish Peshmerga, Popular Mobilization Forces, tribal forces, and other locally organized security actors.

That force mix shapes the catalog. Iraqi aviation and ground forces appear with AC-208, F-16, CH-4B, Mi-24/Mi-35, Mi-28, M1 Abrams, HMMWV, MaxxPro, TOW, and TOS-1A records. PMF-linked and Kurdish-linked records require narrower language because the catalog side mapping can group Iraq-aligned forces while the operator, chain of command, transfer route, and battlefield user differ by system.

Train-and-equip sources also support a logistics caveat. DSCA describes CTEF support as including equipment, logistics support, supplies, sustainment, services, training, stipends, facility repair, and infrastructure repair. GAO found limitations in U.S. visibility over some Iraq Train and Equip Fund equipment movement and transfer records, so broad claims about custody or final use should remain attached to individual weapon sources.

Timeline of Force and Equipment Milestones
  1. Iran-Iraq War begins

    Iraqi state forces entered the war with a large foreign-supplied conventional inventory, including Soviet-origin armor, aircraft, artillery, and missile systems represented throughout the side catalog.

  2. Tanker War missile strike illustrates Iraqi maritime reach

    The USS Stark attack during the Iran-Iraq War highlights the Iraqi air force's use of air-launched anti-ship missiles in the Gulf's maritime-strike environment.

  3. Iraq invades Kuwait

    The Gulf War records emphasize Iraqi armored formations, air defenses, artillery, Scud and FROG missile fires, naval mines, and battlefield equipment captured or abandoned during Operation Desert Storm.

  4. CPA Order Number 2 dissolves former security entities

    The post-invasion order dissolved Saddam-era military, defense, intelligence, and security organizations, creating a clear institutional break before the New Iraqi Army and later Iraqi Armed Forces were rebuilt.

  5. Mosul collapse transforms the security-force record

    The Islamic State's seizure of Mosul pushed Iraqi, Kurdish, PMF, tribal, and coalition actors into a large counteroffensive that brought new U.S., Russian, Chinese, and legacy systems into the catalog.

  6. Popular Mobilization Forces law is approved

    Iraq's PMF law formalized the Popular Mobilization Forces inside the security establishment, while later reporting and analysis continued to stress integration and command-control caveats.

  7. Iraq declares territorial victory over the Islamic State

    The end of the territorial campaign left a mixed Iraqi security ecosystem shaped by wartime losses, coalition support, local partner forces, and unresolved sustainment and command issues.

Sources

Evidence is uneven across periods. Saddam-era records often rely on declassified, museum, rights-reporting, and defense-analysis sources; post-2003 records rely heavily on U.S., coalition, NATO, Iraqi-government-adjacent, and open-source conflict reporting. PMF, Peshmerga, tribal-force, and coalition-supported records should be read through the individual weapon entries because formal side mapping does not by itself prove direct Iraqi government custody, operation, or command.

  • Iraq 2005 ConstitutionPublisher: Constitute Project | Note: Supports official state and constitutional commander-in-chief framing. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • CPA Order Number 2: Dissolution of EntitiesPublisher: Coalition Provisional Authority | Note: Supports the post-2003 dissolution of former Iraqi military, defense, intelligence, Republican Guard, and security entities. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • CPA Order Number 22: Creation of a New Iraqi ArmyPublisher: Coalition Provisional Authority / GovInfo | Note: Supports creation of the New Iraqi Army after the dissolution of Saddam-era institutions. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • CPA Order Number 67: Ministry of DefencePublisher: Coalition Provisional Authority | Note: Supports renaming the New Iraqi Army as the Iraqi Armed Forces and placing it under the Ministry of Defence. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Country policy and information note: actors of protection, Iraq, September 2025Publisher: UK Home Office | Note: Supports federal security apparatus components, varied ISF definitions, PMF caveats, and the distinction from KRI security forces. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Iraqi Counter Terrorism ServicePublisher: Brookings Institution | Note: Supports CTS as a separate counterterrorism institution with CTS, CTC, and ISOF components. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Iraq's Interior Ministry: The Key to Police ReformPublisher: United States Institute of Peace | Note: Supports Ministry of Interior responsibility for non-military security forces and internal-security functions. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Conventional Arms Transfers to the Third World, 1983-1990Publisher: Congressional Research Service / SIPRI | Note: Supports supplier-share context for Saddam-era Iraqi arms deliveries. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Iraq Military IndustryPublisher: GlobalSecurity.org | Note: Supports domestic ammunition, munitions, repair, and sustainment context and limits of Iraqi major-platform production. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Survival of Iraq's Military Industrial ComplexPublisher: Nonproliferation Policy Education Center | Note: Supports sanctions-era defense-industrial sustainment, repair, spares, and delivery-system adaptation context. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War - Air and Missile WarsPublisher: Center for Strategic and International Studies | Note: Supports Iran-Iraq War air, air-defense, missile, and chemical-warfare context for Iraqi state forces. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Needless Deaths in the Gulf WarPublisher: Human Rights Watch | Note: Supports Gulf War Iraqi missile-attack context and laws-of-war caveats. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Gulf War, 1991Publisher: Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State | Note: Supports Gulf War chronology and Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Iraq: Iraq's Prewar Military CapabilitiesPublisher: Council on Foreign Relations | Note: Supports 2003-era Iraqi military capability and air-defense context. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Iraq WarPublisher: George W. Bush Presidential Library | Note: Supports the 2003 Iraq War period and sovereignty-transition context. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • CJTF-OIR HistoryPublisher: Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve | Note: Supports counter-ISIS coalition framework, Iraqi partner-force context, and campaign chronology. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Conflict with ISISPublisher: U.S. Army Center of Military History | Note: Supports the coalition-supported Iraqi campaign against the Islamic State and Mosul campaign context. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Counter-ISIS Train and Equip FundPublisher: Defense Security Cooperation Agency | Note: Supports CTEF categories including equipment, logistics, sustainment, training, stipends, and infrastructure support. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Iraq Train and Equip Fund: DOD Needs to Improve AccountabilityPublisher: U.S. Government Accountability Office | Note: Supports Iraq Train and Equip Fund spending and equipment-accountability caveats. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Relations with IraqPublisher: NATO | Note: Supports NATO advisory and capacity-building support for Iraqi security institutions. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • Iraq: Legislating the Status of the Popular Mobilization ForcesPublisher: Library of Congress | Note: Supports the 2016 legal status of the Popular Mobilization Forces. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
  • The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq's FuturePublisher: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | Note: Supports PMF factional, political, and integration caveats. | Accessed: 2026-07-02
Aircraft & UAVs

Category

Crewed aircraft, drones, and loitering munitions.

20/20
MiG-29, Air defense fighter, Aircraft & UAVs2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2023 Sudan War +4 moreMiG-29Air defense fighterBuilt: Mikoyan / Soviet Union / RussiaThe MiG-29 Fulcrum is a Soviet-designed twin-engine fighter built around short-range air combat, air-defense interception, and later multirole adaptation. Its cataloged combat history spans Iraqi and Yugoslav interceptors facing coalition air campaigns, Eritrean and Indian wartime use in 1999, Sudanese strike sorties, and Ukrainian MiG-29s modified to employ Western weapons such as AGM-88 HARM, JDAM-ER, HAMMER/AASM, and GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bombs.
AC-208 Combat Caravan, Armed ISR and light attack aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs2013 War in Iraq, 2001 War in AfghanistanAC-208 Combat CaravanArmed ISR and light attack aircraftBuilt: Orbital ATK; Cessna / Textron Aviation airframe / United StatesThe AC-208 Combat Caravan is an armed Cessna Caravan conversion that combines a rugged single-engine turboprop airframe with electro-optical surveillance, mission-system operator controls, datalinks, and precision strike. Iraq fielded Hellfire-armed AC-208s during the 2013-2017 war against ISIS, while Afghan Air Force AC-208 Eliminators later provided ISR, strike, and laser-designation support during the final phase of the 2001 War in Afghanistan.
Mi-28, Attack helicopter, Aircraft & UAVs2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 moreMi-28Attack helicopterBuilt: Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant / Rostvertol / RussiaThe Mi-28 Havoc is a Russian two-seat attack helicopter developed for anti-armor, close air support, and armed reconnaissance missions. Modern Mi-28N/NM-family aircraft combine armored tandem cockpits, a 30 mm chin cannon, guided missiles, rockets, and day/night sensors; Russian and Iraqi operators have used the family in Ukraine, Syria, and anti-ISIS operations, where low-altitude helicopter tactics have faced dense air-defense and drone threats.
Mi-24/Mi-35, Attack helicopter and armed assault transport, Aircraft & UAVs2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +9 moreMi-24/Mi-35Attack helicopter and armed assault transportBuilt: Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant / Rostvertol / Soviet Union / RussiaThe Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind family combines an armored attack helicopter with a small troop compartment, letting operators use one airframe for close air support, anti-armor fires, armed escort, and limited assault transport. The Mi-35M branch is a Rostvertol-built modern combat-transport line, while older and upgraded Mi-24/Mi-35 aircraft remain documented in Ukraine, Syria, Mali, Iraq, Myanmar, and other conflicts.
Su-25, Ground-attack aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +16 moreSu-25Ground-attack aircraftBuilt: Sukhoi / Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant / United Aircraft Corporation / Soviet Union / Russia / GeorgiaThe Su-25 is a Soviet-designed armored close air support aircraft built for low-level battlefield strike, rough-field operation, and heavy stores carriage. Developed by Sukhoi and produced in Soviet, Russian, and Georgian factories, the twin-engine subsonic jet combines a protected cockpit, internal 30 mm cannon, and multiple pylons for rockets, bombs, missiles, and adapted guided weapons, with documented use from Afghanistan and Iraq to Darfur, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Ukraine.
MiG-25 fighter aircraft, High-speed interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1990 Gulf War +2 moreMiG-25 fighter aircraftHigh-speed interceptor and reconnaissance aircraftBuilt: Mikoyan-Gurevich / Mikoyan / Soviet Union / RussiaThe MiG-25 Foxbat is a Soviet high-speed interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft built by Mikoyan-Gurevich around speed, altitude, heavy air-to-air missiles, and reconnaissance-bomber variants rather than close-in maneuvering. Iraq fielded the type during the 1980 Iran-Iraq War and 1990 Gulf War, Syria used a small surviving fleet during the 2011 Syrian Civil War, and Azerbaijan later kept MiG-25s in reserve during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh stand-off.
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Military turboprop trainer aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs2003 Iraq WarBeechcraft T-6 Texan IIMilitary turboprop trainer aircraftBuilt: Textron Aviation Defense / United StatesThe Beechcraft T-6 Texan II is Textron Aviation Defense's turboprop military trainer family for joint primary, naval, export, and mission-oriented pilot instruction. Developed from the Beech/Pilatus PC-9 Mk II for the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System, the family spans U.S. T-6A, T-6B, and T-6D service aircraft, export T-6C trainers, country designations such as Thailand's T-6TH and the RAF's Texan T1, and the related AT-6 Wolverine light-attack derivative.
F-16 Fighting Falcon, Multirole fighter aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2023 Israel-Hamas War +17 moreF-16 Fighting FalconMultirole fighter aircraftBuilt: General Dynamics / Lockheed Martin / United StatesThe F-16 Fighting Falcon is a U.S.-designed single-engine multirole fighter family used for air defense, air-to-air combat, suppression support, and precision strike missions. This entry covers the F-16C/D production branch requested by the F-16C designation alongside F-16AM/BM MLU aircraft documented from Kosovo and Libya to Ukrainian service.
Mirage F1, Single-engine fighter and strike aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1990 Gulf War +6 moreMirage F1Single-engine fighter and strike aircraftBuilt: Dassault Aviation / FranceThe Dassault Mirage F1 is a French swept-wing fighter family built around all-weather interception but adapted into attack, reconnaissance, trainer, and export multirole versions. Its source-backed conflict record spans Iraqi Mirage F1EQ missions in the Iran-Iraq War and Gulf War, Ecuadorian Cenepa War sorties, French reconnaissance and strike-support deployments from Kosovo to Afghanistan, Libya, and Mali, and a 2019 Libyan shootdown tied to GNA strike activity during the Tripoli siege.
RQ-11 Raven UAV, Small unmanned aircraft system, Aircraft & UAVs2001 War in Afghanistan, 2003 Iraq War +3 moreRQ-11 Raven UAVSmall unmanned aircraft systemBuilt: AeroVironment / United StatesThe RQ-11 Raven is a hand-launched AeroVironment small unmanned aircraft system for tactical ISR, derived from earlier Pointer-related work into a smaller backpackable design. The RQ-11A designation covered the early Raven air vehicle, while the RQ-11B/Raven B became the Army-selected upgraded SUAV with improved control-system, sensor, endurance, targeting, and interoperability features. Current AeroVironment material describes Raven B as a lightweight Group 1 system with a stabilized EO/IR payload, 10 km range, and more than 75 minutes of endurance, while 2023 U.S. Army reporting still described upgraded Ravens in training for reconnaissance and call-for-fire support.
C-5 Galaxy, Strategic airlifter / transport aircraft family, Aircraft & UAVs1955 Vietnam War, 1973 Yom Kippur War +4 moreC-5 GalaxyStrategic airlifter / transport aircraft familyBuilt: Lockheed Martin / Lockheed-Georgia Co. / United StatesThe Lockheed C-5 Galaxy is a U.S. heavy strategic airlifter family built for outsized cargo, vehicle, and personnel transport. Its nose and aft cargo doors, kneeling landing gear, and intercontinental lift capacity made it a central U.S. mobility platform in conflicts from Vietnam-era evacuation airlift and the 1973 Yom Kippur War resupply through the Gulf War, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Operation Inherent Resolve.
MiG-21, Supersonic fighter and interceptor aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1955 Vietnam War, 1971 Indo-Pakistani War +6 moreMiG-21Supersonic fighter and interceptor aircraftBuilt: Mikoyan-Gurevich / Soviet state arsenals / Soviet UnionThe MiG-21 is a Soviet-designed supersonic fighter and interceptor that became one of the most widely built jet fighters of the Cold War. Its conflict record spans North Vietnamese interceptor use, Indian MiG-21FL combat in 1971, Arab and Iraqi air-defense service, Syrian and Libyan wartime fielding, and a conservative Azerbaijani fleet-context row for 2020 reporting where MiG-21 sorties are not directly documented.
C-130 Hercules, Tactical airlift transport aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1955 Vietnam War, 1990 Gulf War +3 moreC-130 HerculesTactical airlift transport aircraftBuilt: Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company / United StatesThe Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a U.S. tactical airlift family built by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company for rough-strip operations, oversized cargo, airdrop, and theater logistics. Direct sources document Hercules transport use from Vietnam and Desert Storm through Afghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the Mosul campaign, while the broader family includes gunship, tanker, rescue, special-operations, and electronic-warfare derivatives.
Ababil-3 UAV, Unmanned aerial vehicle, Aircraft & UAVs2011 Syrian Civil War, 2013 War in Iraq +2 moreAbabil-3 UAVUnmanned aerial vehicleBuilt: Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company (HESA) / IranThe Ababil-3 is an Iranian fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle in the HESA Ababil family, used primarily for reconnaissance and surveillance. Open-source conflict reporting links the type or local derivatives to Syrian government-aligned operations, Iraq-aligned militia use, and Sudanese Armed Forces drone activity, while separate imagery connects the airframe to Almas missile carriage.
MiG-23, Variable-sweep fighter and fighter-bomber aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1979 Soviet-Afghan War +4 moreMiG-23Variable-sweep fighter and fighter-bomber aircraftBuilt: Mikoyan-Gurevich / Soviet UnionThe MiG-23, NATO reporting name Flogger, is a Soviet variable-sweep fighter and fighter-bomber family built around high speed, radar-guided interception, and exportable strike variants. More than 5,000 were produced, and documented combat use ranges from Iraqi Floggers in the 1980 Iran-Iraq War and 1990 Gulf War to Indian MiG-23BN strike missions in Kargil and late Libyan and Syrian civil-war sorties.
Su-17, Variable-sweep wing fighter-bomber / ground-attack aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1973 Yom Kippur War, 1978 Chadian-Libyan Conflict +7 moreSu-17Variable-sweep wing fighter-bomber / ground-attack aircraftBuilt: Sukhoi / Soviet Union / RussiaThe Su-17 Fitter is a Soviet variable-sweep wing fighter-bomber developed from the fixed-wing Su-7B and exported through the Su-20 and Su-22 lines. Designed for ground attack and bombing with rockets, bombs, missiles, gun pods, and 30 mm cannon armament, the family is documented in Soviet, Iraqi, and Syrian conflict use from Afghanistan to Syria.
Su-22 fighter-bomber, Variable-sweep-wing fighter-bomber / ground-attack aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1981 U.S.-Libya Confrontations +4 moreSu-22 fighter-bomberVariable-sweep-wing fighter-bomber / ground-attack aircraftBuilt: Sukhoi / Soviet UnionThe Su-22 is the export member of Sukhoi's Su-17 Fitter family, a Soviet variable-sweep fighter-bomber built for low-level strike, ground attack, and battlefield interdiction. Direct conflict records on this page emphasize documented combat use and losses: Libyan Su-22s over the Gulf of Sidra, an Azerbaijani Su-22 loss in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, Iraqi Su-22/Fitter chemical-attack delivery in the Iran-Iraq War, Desert Storm losses, Peruvian Cenepa War air-support missions, and Syrian government bombing near Tabqah in 2017.
Air Defense

Category

Systems that contest aircraft, missiles, helicopters, and drones.

10/10
ZPU-4 anti-aircraft gun, 14.5 mm quadruple towed anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense1955 Vietnam War, 1990 Gulf War +5 moreZPU-4 anti-aircraft gun14.5 mm quadruple towed anti-aircraft gunBuilt: V. A. Degtyarev Plant (ZiD) / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union / Russia / China / Romania / North KoreaThe ZPU-4 is a Soviet quadruple 14.5 mm anti-aircraft gun built around four KPV/KPVT heavy machine guns on a four-wheel carriage. Museum, monitoring, and open-source records connect the Cold War gun to Vietnam War helicopter defense, Iraqi air defense, Libyan and Syrian pickup-mounted fire support, SPLA-N-held anti-aircraft positions in Sudan, and anti-Houthi Giants Brigades forces in Yemen.
MT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun, Improvised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2003 Iraq War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +2 moreMT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gunImprovised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Soviet state arsenals / Unknown / Soviet Union / ArmeniaThe MT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun is an improvised tracked fire-support and short-range air-defense vehicle that combines the Soviet MT-LB multipurpose armored tractor with a twin 23 mm ZU-23 gun mount. Public records show the configuration in Iraqi, Russian, Ukrainian, Syrian, and Armenian or Artsakh service contexts, with documented examples ranging from an Iraqi wreck in Baghdad to vehicles destroyed, damaged, or captured in later wars.
S-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 Goa, Short- to medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense1969 War of Attrition, 1973 Yom Kippur War +8 moreS-125 Neva/Pechora / SA-3 GoaShort- to medium-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Almaz Central Design Bureau / Soviet UnionThe S-125 Neva/Pechora, known to NATO as SA-3 Goa, is a Soviet command-guided surface-to-air missile system built to cover lower-altitude targets than earlier S-75 batteries. The family combines 5V24/V-600 or 5V27/V-601 missiles, SNR-125 Low Blow engagement radar, and twin- or four-rail launchers, with later Pechora upgrades adding mobile chassis, digital electronics, and optical tracking. Cataloged use spans Egyptian and Iraqi air-defense service, Yugoslav S-125 combat in Operation Allied Force, Syrian and Houthi-aligned legacy sites, Azerbaijani Pechora-2TM use, Ukrainian Newa-SC service, and Indian Pechora employment during Operation Sindoor.
9K33 Osa, Short-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +7 more9K33 OsaShort-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant (IEMZ) / Soviet UnionThe 9K33 Osa, NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko, is a Soviet short-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile system that combines search radar, tracking radar, command guidance, and ready-to-fire missiles on a single amphibious 6x6 TELAR. Cataloged conflict records show the system across several generations of air-defense use: Syrian Osa-AK vehicles in Lebanon in 1982, Iraqi SA-8s in the Gulf War air-defense network, captured Georgian systems in 2008, rebel-held examples in Syria, Armenian and Ukrainian battlefield use, and Indian OSA-AK service during Operation Sindoor.
100 mm KS-19 anti-aircraft gun, Towed 100 mm anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Yemen Civil War +3 more100 mm KS-19 anti-aircraft gunTowed 100 mm anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Plant No. 4 Perm / Soviet state arsenals, including Plant No. 8 and Plant No. 235 / Soviet UnionThe KS-19 is a Soviet 100 mm towed anti-aircraft gun designed for high-altitude, radar-directed air defense with fixed ammunition, a powered carriage, and PUAZO/SON-9 fire-control support. U.S. studies tied the gun to North Vietnam's heavy AAA network and Iraqi inventories retained it into the 1990 Gulf War, while later conflict records show legacy KS-19s displayed in Houthi air-defense equipment and repurposed as long-range ground-fire weapons in Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine.
ZSU-23-4 Shilka, Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense1973 Yom Kippur War, 1990 Gulf War +5 moreZSU-23-4 ShilkaTracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant / Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant / Soviet UnionThe ZSU-23-4 Shilka is a Soviet tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun built around a radar-directed turret with four 23 mm autocannons. Designed to accompany maneuver forces against low-flying aircraft and helicopters, it became a widely exported low-altitude air-defense system and remains visible in modern wars as both a short-range air-defense and direct-fire platform.
P-35/P-37 Bar Lock radar, Transportable 2D air-surveillance and GCI radar, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 moreP-35/P-37 Bar Lock radarTransportable 2D air-surveillance and GCI radarBuilt: Soviet / Soviet UnionThe P-35/P-37 Bar Lock family is a Soviet transportable two-coordinate radar line used for air surveillance, fighter guidance, and target assignment to air-defense missile systems. The family links the 1RL110 P-35 Saturn and later 1RL139 P-37 Mech designations, with documented use from North Vietnam's air-defense network, Syria's T4 airbase, and Iraq's 1991 IADS to Russian and Ukrainian radar losses or targeting in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War; open air-defense references also place P-35M/Bar Lock search radar in S-200/SA-5 site architecture.
ZPU-2, Twin 14.5 mm towed anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense1990 Gulf War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +1 moreZPU-2Twin 14.5 mm towed anti-aircraft gunBuilt: V. A. Degtyarev Plant (ZiD) / Licensed Chinese and Polish production / Soviet Union / China / PolandThe ZPU-2 is a Soviet twin 14.5 mm anti-aircraft gun built around two KPV heavy machine guns on a two-wheel carriage. Captured Iraqi examples, Yemeni truck mounts, and Ukraine's Czech-supplied MR-2 Viktor systems show how the Cold War gun shifted from low-altitude air defense into mobile direct-fire and counter-UAV work.
9K31 Strela-1, Vehicle-mounted short-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense1975 Western Sahara War, 1990 Gulf War +2 more9K31 Strela-1Vehicle-mounted short-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Soviet state arsenals / Nudelman OKB-16 / Saratov Aggregate Plant / Soviet UnionThe 9K31 Strela-1, NATO reporting name SA-9 Gaskin, is a Soviet BRDM-2-based short-range surface-to-air missile system armed with four ready-to-fire 9M31 or 9M31M missiles. Developed as a regimental low-altitude air-defense vehicle for motor-rifle and tank units, it combined an amphibious armored chassis with optical/infrared missile engagement at short ranges. Open sources document it in several conflict inventories, including Polisario systems supplied by Libya, Iraqi Gulf War air defenses, Chechen inherited stocks, and Houthi-aligned holdings in Yemen; those rows indicate fielding or possession, not necessarily a sourced launch or shootdown.
Armored Vehicles

Category

Troop carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, and protected mobility.

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Dzik, 4x4 armored patrol and infantry mobility vehicle, Armored Vehicles2003 Iraq War, 2013 War in Iraq +1 moreDzik4x4 armored patrol and infantry mobility vehicleBuilt: AMZ-Kutno / PolandThe Dzik is a Polish 4x4 armored patrol and infantry mobility vehicle family built by AMZ-Kutno for police, military-police, and light APC duties. Iraqi Dzik-3 vehicles, locally known as Ain Jaria-1, entered Iraqi security-force service during the 2003 Iraq War and were later documented among Islamic State-captured or destroyed Iraqi equipment in the 2013 War in Iraq. Polish Dzik-2 vehicles were supplied to Ukraine during the 2022 full-scale phase of the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War, where open-source loss trackers later documented destroyed and captured examples.
BTR-80, 8x8 amphibious armored personnel carrier, Armored Vehicles1994 First Chechen War, 1999 Second Chechen War +7 moreBTR-808x8 amphibious armored personnel carrierBuilt: Arzamas Machine-Building Plant / RussiaThe BTR-80 is a Soviet-designed 8x8 amphibious armored personnel carrier built to move motor rifle troops under armor while giving them heavy machine-gun fire support. Rosoboronexport describes it as a combat wheeled vehicle for transporting motor rifle units, and the type remains widespread across former Soviet and export operators more than four decades after introduction.
BMD-1, Airborne amphibious infantry fighting vehicle, Armored Vehicles1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1994 First Chechen War +3 moreBMD-1Airborne amphibious infantry fighting vehicleBuilt: Volgograd Tractor Plant / Soviet UnionThe BMD-1 is a Soviet airborne infantry fighting vehicle built for paratroop units, combining a very light amphibious tracked chassis with the BMP-1-style 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun and anti-tank missile armament. Its hydropneumatic suspension and low combat weight supported airborne deployment, while the same design priorities left the aluminum hull protected mainly against small-arms fire and fragments. Cataloged conflict evidence spans Soviet use in Afghanistan, Russian and Iraqi wartime fielding, Russian airborne use in Georgia and Ukraine, and Ukrainian 25th Airborne Brigade service in Donbas.
MT-LBu, Amphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassis, Armored Vehicles1990 Gulf War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +1 moreMT-LBuAmphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassisBuilt: Kharkiv Tractor Plant / Soviet Union / UkraineThe MT-LBu is a Soviet amphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassis derived from the MT-LB family. Its higher hull, longer seven-road-wheel chassis, and 300 hp YaMZ diesel engine gave armies more internal volume and payload margin for command posts, artillery fire-control vehicles, radar carriers, electronic-warfare systems, and later battlefield conversions in conflicts such as the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
MT-LB, Amphibious tracked armored personnel carrier and artillery tractor, Armored Vehicles1990 Gulf War, 2003 Iraq War +4 moreMT-LBAmphibious tracked armored personnel carrier and artillery tractorBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Soviet UnionThe MT-LB is a Soviet tracked, amphibious armored carrier developed as a light multipurpose tractor and troop/cargo vehicle. Its low silhouette, large production run, and adaptable chassis made it a common base for command, air-defense, ambulance, anti-tank, and improvised fire-support variants, including widespread use by both sides in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
BMP-1, Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored Vehicles1973 Yom Kippur War, 1990 Gulf War +5 moreBMP-1Infantry fighting vehicleBuilt: Kurganmashzavod / Soviet Union / Czechoslovakia / India / Poland / ChinaThe BMP-1 was the Soviet Union's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle: a tracked, amphibious troop carrier built around a 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun, a coaxial PKT, and the original 9M14 Malyutka missile rail. Its export scale and simple upgrade path have kept BMP-1 hulls in service from the 1973 Yom Kippur War to Ukraine, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus.
HMMWV, Light tactical wheeled vehicle, Armored Vehicles2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2001 War in Afghanistan +4 moreHMMWVLight tactical wheeled vehicleBuilt: AM General / United StatesThe High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, better known as the HMMWV or Humvee, is an AM General 4x4 light tactical vehicle family used for troop movement, command, ambulance, cargo, air-defense, and weapons-carrier roles. Its conflict record spans coalition service in Afghanistan and Iraq, Yemeni M1097A2 stocks, and large-scale U.S. assistance to Ukraine, including up-armored HMMWV-UA/UAH designations.
REVA armored vehicle, Mine-resistant ambush-protected armored personnel carrier, Armored Vehicles2003 Iraq War, 2009 Boko Haram Insurgency +2 moreREVA armored vehicleMine-resistant ambush-protected armored personnel carrierBuilt: Integrated Convoy Protection / South AfricaThe REVA is a South African mine-resistant armored vehicle family from Integrated Convoy Protection, built around a V-shaped armored hull for troop transport, protected mobility, and utility roles. The family spans the earlier REVA III 4x4 APC, newer REVA V and VI designs, and the UAE-linked Kasser II derivative, while conflict reporting documents REVA vehicles in Iraq, Nigerian counter-insurgency operations, and UAE-backed local-force operations in Yemen.
ATF Dingo, Protected mobility vehicle, Armored Vehicles2001 War in Afghanistan, 2012 Mali War +2 moreATF DingoProtected mobility vehicleBuilt: Krauss-Maffei Wegmann / GermanyThe ATF Dingo is a German all-protected wheeled mobility vehicle built around patrol, convoy, command, reconnaissance, ambulance, and specialist support missions. Its Dingo 2 family combines a militarized Unimog-based chassis, a protected safety cell, remote-weapon-station options, and mine, IED, ballistic, and NBC protection; German and allied forces used it in Afghanistan, Belgian MINUSMA troops operated Dingo 2 vehicles in Mali, and Germany supplied Dingos to Kurdish forces in Iraq and later to Ukraine.
BTR-50, Tracked amphibious armored personnel carrier, Armored Vehicles1967 Six-Day War, 1969 War of Attrition +4 moreBTR-50Tracked amphibious armored personnel carrierBuilt: Volgograd Tractor Plant / Soviet UnionThe BTR-50 is a Soviet tracked amphibious armored personnel carrier based on the PT-76 light tank chassis. Designed to move infantry and light weapons across rivers and broken terrain, it carried a small crew plus a large troop compartment behind light welded steel armor. Its record spans Arab-Israeli wars, the Iran-Iraq War, Syria, and Russia's Ukraine deployment of stored vehicles, including photographed and loss-documented BTR-50PK carriers fitted with BPU-1 turrets.
Artillery

Category

Tube artillery, rocket artillery, and long-range ground fires.

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2A28 Grom, 73 mm low-pressure smoothbore cannon, Artillery1973 Yom Kippur War, 1979 Soviet-Afghan War +1 more2A28 Grom73 mm low-pressure smoothbore cannonBuilt: KBP / Soviet UnionThe 2A28 Grom is a Soviet 73 mm low-pressure smoothbore cannon designed by KBP in Tula and used as the main gun on BMP-1, BMD-1, and related light armored vehicles. Its compact semi-automatic loading system, short recoil, and PG-15V/OG-15V ammunition gave early Soviet infantry fighting vehicles a short-range direct-fire weapon, while the Russia-Ukraine War has also produced improvised dismounted 2A28 support-gun adaptations.
2S1 Gvozdika, 122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer, Artillery1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1990 Gulf War +7 more2S1 Gvozdika122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzerBuilt: Kharkiv Tractor Plant / Plant No. 9 / Soviet UnionThe 2S1 Gvozdika is a Soviet 122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer built around the 2A31 gun on an amphibious armored chassis derived from the MT-LB family. In the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War it remains a common short-to-medium-range artillery system for both Russian and Ukrainian forces, combining mobility, indirect fire, and widespread 122 mm ammunition compatibility.
D-20, 152 mm towed gun-howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 moreD-20152 mm towed gun-howitzerBuilt: No. 9 Uralmash Plant / Soviet Union / China / RomaniaThe D-20 is a Soviet 152 mm towed gun-howitzer developed under F. F. Petrov's Plant No. 9 design bureau for divisional and army-level fire support. Its split-trail carriage, 34-caliber ordnance, double-baffle muzzle brake, and 17.4 km standard range kept it useful across Soviet, Warsaw Pact, Chinese Type 66, Romanian, and export inventories, with documented modern use in Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Yemen, and Iraq.
2S3 Akatsiya, 152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer, Artillery1990 Gulf War, 1994 First Chechen War +4 more2S3 Akatsiya152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzerBuilt: Uraltransmash / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 2S3 Akatsiya is a Soviet 152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer built around the 2A33 gun and a turreted armored chassis. Designed for divisional fire support and accepted into service in 1971, it appears across Iraqi, Chechen, Syrian, Armenian, Libyan, Russian, and Ukrainian conflict records because large Cold War stocks remained in service long after newer self-propelled artillery entered use.
G5 155 mm howitzer, 155 mm towed gun-howitzer, Artillery1966 South African Border War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +2 moreG5 155 mm howitzer155 mm towed gun-howitzerBuilt: Denel Land Systems / South AfricaThe G5 155 mm howitzer is a South African towed gun-howitzer developed from the GC-45 long-range artillery lineage for mobile indirect fire. Lyttelton Engineering Works designed the system and Denel Land Systems became the normalized manufacturer, with sources documenting South African Border War service, Iraqi G5 use in the Iran-Iraq War and Gulf War, and UAE G5 deployment to Yemen.
M198 155 mm howitzer, 155 mm towed howitzer, Artillery1990 Gulf War, 2001 War in Afghanistan +3 moreM198 155 mm howitzer155 mm towed howitzerBuilt: Rock Island Arsenal / United StatesThe M198 is a U.S.-designed 155 mm towed howitzer developed at Rock Island Arsenal to replace older M114-series guns. Its split-trail carriage, nine-person crew, air-transportable layout, and 22-30 km range made it a standard U.S. Army and Marine Corps fire-support weapon before the lighter M777 replaced it in U.S. service. Direct conflict sourcing now traces M198 fielding from Desert Storm through U.S. use in Afghanistan and Iraq, Islamic State capture and cross-border use in Iraq and Syria, Iraq-aligned militia firing, and coalition-backed Iraqi Army live-fire training.
M109A6 Paladin, 155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2003 Iraq War +2 moreM109A6 Paladin155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzerBuilt: United Defense / BAE Systems / United StatesThe M109A6 Paladin is a U.S. 155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer that modernized the M109 family with onboard navigation, automatic fire-control, digital communications, and improved crew protection. The variant is documented in U.S. artillery missions in Iraq and later as a U.S.-supplied NATO-standard system in Ukrainian service, where it was paired with ammunition support vehicles for sustained mobile gun-line operations.
M109, 155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer family, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 1955 Vietnam War +7 moreM109155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer familyBuilt: BAE Systems / United StatesThe M109 is a U.S.-origin 155 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer family built for mobile indirect fire with armored and mechanized forces. The family spans the original short-tube vehicle, M109A1 to M109A4 rebuild and export lines, the M109A5 M284-cannon upgrade, the digitally modernized M109A6 Paladin, current M109A7 production, and the longer-barrel M109-52 concept; catalog evidence here centers on direct conflict use by U.S., Ukrainian, U.S.-led coalition, and Israeli forces.
203mm M115, 203 mm towed heavy howitzer, ArtillerySecond World War, Korean War +4 more203mm M115203 mm towed heavy howitzerBuilt: Unknown / United StatesThe 203mm M115 was the U.S. Army's 8 inch towed heavy howitzer lineage that entered wartime service as the M1/M2 family and later received the M115 designation. Official Army and museum material links the weapon to U.S. heavy artillery in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Republic of China use during the 1958 Taiwan Strait crisis, and a captured Iran-to-Iraq-to-U.S. display example from the Iran-Iraq War and Gulf War.
TOS-1A Solntsepyok, 220 mm thermobaric multiple rocket launcher, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 moreTOS-1A Solntsepyok220 mm thermobaric multiple rocket launcherBuilt: Omsktransmash / Uralvagonzavod / RussiaThe TOS-1A Solntsepyok is a Russian tracked heavy flamethrower system that functions as a short-range thermobaric multiple rocket launcher. Built around a BM-1 launcher on a tank chassis with transporter-loaders, it fires unguided 220 mm rockets to support infantry and armor against fortified positions, vehicles, and troops in cover. In the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War it has been documented in Russian service near the front line, where its short range creates both destructive local effects and high vulnerability to Ukrainian targeting.
Ballistic missile, Ballistic missile, Artillery1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1990 Gulf War +8 moreBallistic missileBallistic missileBuilt: Various manufacturers / Multiple countriesBallistic missiles are rocket-propelled weapons that accelerate during boost, then place a payload on a mostly unpowered ballistic path through midcourse and terminal flight. The class spans short-range battlefield missiles, submarine-launched systems, and intercontinental weapons; in recent cataloged conflicts, open sources document Iranian and Houthi use when strike reports identify broad ballistic-missile salvos but not always a single missile model.
Infantry Weapons

Category

Portable weapons used by soldiers and small units.

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Heckler & Koch G36, 5.56 mm assault rifle, Infantry Weapons2006 Criminal Violence in Mexico, 2013 War in Iraq +1 moreHeckler & Koch G365.56 mm assault rifleBuilt: Heckler & Koch / Saudi Military Industries Corporation / Germany; Saudi Arabia under licenseThe Heckler & Koch G36 is a German 5.56 mm assault rifle built around a reinforced-polymer receiver, indirect gas operation, a rotating bolt head, folding stock, and modular rifle, carbine, compact, and export configurations. Its cataloged conflict record spans Mexican police firing during the 2014 Iguala operation, German support to Kurdish Peshmerga forces fighting Islamic State in Iraq, and Saudi-licensed rifles diverted from Hadi-aligned forces into militant hands in Yemen.
PKM/PK, 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Yemen Civil War +8 morePKM/PK7.62 mm general-purpose machine gunBuilt: Kovrov Mechanical Plant / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union, Russia, and licensed-production countriesThe PK and lighter PKM are Soviet-designed, belt-fed 7.62x54R general-purpose machine guns used from bipods, tripods, vehicles, remote weapon stations, and improvised mounts. Their low weight for the class, non-disintegrating belt feed, quick-change barrel concept, and wide licensed-production base make the family a recurring infantry fire-support weapon in recent conflicts, with documented rows here covering Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Mali, Lake Chad, Gaza, Afghanistan, and Turkey's conflict with the PKK.
DShK, 12.7 mm heavy machine gun, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2023 Israel-Hamas War +11 moreDShK12.7 mm heavy machine gunBuilt: Tula Ordnance Factory / Soviet state arsenals / Soviet UnionThe DShK is a Soviet 12.7 mm heavy machine gun designed by Vasily Degtyaryov and refined with Georgy Shpagin's belt-feed system. Built for anti-aircraft, anti-vehicle, and infantry support roles, the DShK/DShKM family spans Vietnam War helicopter defense, Soviet-Afghan War ambushes, modern technicals, and Ukrainian mobile counter-UAV teams using vintage heavy machine guns against slow Russian drones.
NSV, 12.7 mm heavy machine gun, Infantry Weapons2009 Boko Haram Insurgency, 2003 Iraq War +2 moreNSV12.7 mm heavy machine gunBuilt: West Kazakhstan Machine-Building Company / Soviet Union / KazakhstanThe NSV Utes is a Soviet 12.7x108 mm heavy machine gun designed by Nikitin, Sokolov, and Volkov as a lighter replacement for the DShK family. It can be used from a tripod, vehicle mount, or remote station against light armor, firing points, personnel, and low-flying aerial targets, and it remains relevant through post-Soviet service and licensed derivative production.
W85 heavy machine gun, 12.7 mm heavy machine gun, Infantry Weapons2009 Boko Haram Insurgency, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +3 moreW85 heavy machine gun12.7 mm heavy machine gunBuilt: Norinco / ChinaThe W85 is a Chinese 12.7x108 mm heavy machine gun associated with Norinco export channels and the QJC-88 vehicle-mounted variant. It is lighter than many older DShK-pattern heavy machine guns and can be used from tripod, pintle, vehicle, or improvised pickup mounts. Conflict reporting documents W85-family guns with ISWAP-linked forces in Nigeria, Ukrainian mobile anti-drone teams, YPG/SDF improvised armor in Syria, Iraqi PMU militias, and Wagner-linked imagery from Mali, while sources caution that export paths and quantities are often unclear.
KPV, 14.5 mm heavy machine gun, Infantry Weapons2009 Boko Haram Insurgency, 1990 Gulf War +3 moreKPV14.5 mm heavy machine gunBuilt: V. A. Degtyarev Plant (ZiD) / Soviet Union / RussiaThe KPV is a Soviet 14.5x114 mm heavy machine gun designed by Semyon Vladimirov and produced at the V. A. Degtyarev Plant. Its high-energy cartridge made it useful against light armor, field positions, small craft, and low-flying aircraft, so the family spread from the original infantry gun into KPVT vehicle guns, ZPU anti-aircraft mounts, and modern improvised or vehicle-mounted roles documented from Iraq and Yemen to the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
QLZ-87 automatic grenade launcher, 35 mm automatic grenade launcher, Infantry Weapons2001 War in Afghanistan, 1991 Somali Civil War +5 moreQLZ-87 automatic grenade launcher35 mm automatic grenade launcherBuilt: Norinco / ChinaThe QLZ-87 is a Chinese 35x32 mm automatic grenade launcher built for portable infantry fire support, with light bipod and heavier tripod configurations fed by drum magazines. Its cataloged conflict record is strongest where photographs or arms-monitoring reports identify specific examples: AMISOM weapons in Somalia, SPLM-N captures in Sudan, opposition and Islamic State appearances in Syria, Séléka stocks in CAR, Kurdish weapons in Iraq, a Boko Haram capture in Niger, and a Taliban capture in Afghanistan.
AM-50 Sayyad .50-caliber anti-materiel rifle, Anti-materiel rifle, Infantry Weapons2011 Syrian Civil War, 2013 War in Iraq +2 moreAM-50 Sayyad .50-caliber anti-materiel rifleAnti-materiel rifleBuilt: Defense Industries Organization (Individual Combat Industries Group) / IranThe AM-50 Sayyad is an Iranian 12.7x99 mm anti-materiel rifle derived from the Steyr HS .50 pattern after a mid-2000s HS .50 sale to Iran. It is a single-shot bolt-action weapon produced by DIO/ICIG and documented with Iraqi government forces, Syrian war militias, Houthi fighters in Yemen, and Hamas-linked fighters in Gaza.
M16 rifle, Assault rifle, Infantry Weapons1955 Vietnam War, 2017 Battle of Marawi +5 moreM16 rifleAssault rifleBuilt: Colt / United StatesThe M16 is a U.S.-origin 5.56x45mm assault-rifle family that evolved from 1955 Vietnam War service into the M16A1, M16A2 and M16A4 lineage. Current Army and FN references describe the M16A4 as a gas-operated, shoulder-fired, 20-inch-barrel rifle with rail and optics compatibility, while conflict-specific sources document continued use from Marawi and Afghanistan to Israeli wartime response teams, Iraqi partner-force training and Colombian FARC dissident seizures.
M24 sniper rifle, Bolt-action sniper rifle, Infantry Weapons2003 Iraq War, 2013 War in Iraq +1 moreM24 sniper rifleBolt-action sniper rifleBuilt: Remington Arms / United StatesThe M24 sniper rifle is the U.S. Army's Remington Model 700-based Sniper Weapon System, a 7.62x51mm NATO bolt-action rifle package built around a long-action receiver, day optic, bipod, and support accessories. Official imagery and reporting place M24 rifles in Iraq War security and sniper-training roles, while Afghan National Army records show the system supporting coalition-backed overwatch and marksmanship training in Helmand province.
M4/M4A1 carbine, Carbine, Infantry Weapons2023 Israel-Hamas War, 2017 Battle of Marawi +5 moreM4/M4A1 carbineCarbineBuilt: Colt / United StatesThe M4/M4A1 carbine is a U.S.-origin 5.56mm service-rifle family built around a shorter M16 lineage, a collapsible stock, and modular accessory mounting. Conflict-specific evidence documents M4-family use by U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, coalition and Iraqi partner forces during anti-ISIS operations, Philippine Marines at Marawi, Israeli wartime replenishment, and Ukrainian special-operations transition from Soviet-pattern rifles during the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
BGM-71 TOW, Heavy anti-tank guided missile, Infantry Weapons1955 Vietnam War, 1990 Gulf War +7 moreBGM-71 TOWHeavy anti-tank guided missileBuilt: Hughes Aircraft Company / Raytheon / United StatesThe BGM-71 TOW is a U.S. heavy anti-tank guided missile built around tube launch, optical tracking, and command guidance through a wire or later radio-frequency link. Developed by Hughes and now produced and upgraded by Raytheon, the family spans dismounted launchers, HMMWVs, Bradley and Stryker vehicles, light armored vehicles, and helicopters. Its record runs from helicopter launches in the Vietnam War through Gulf War, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, and Ukrainian service or transfer evidence.
9M133 Kornet, Laser beam-riding anti-tank guided missile system, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +7 more9M133 KornetLaser beam-riding anti-tank guided missile systemBuilt: KBP Instrument Design Bureau / RussiaThe 9M133 Kornet is a Russian heavy anti-tank guided missile system using laser beam-riding guidance and tandem HEAT or thermobaric warheads. Developed by KBP as a portable, vehicle-integrated, and self-propelled ATGM family, it appears in recent conflicts as a Russian-origin anti-armor weapon documented with state forces and non-state armed groups, including captured launchers and destroyed 9P163M-1 Kornet-T vehicles in Ukraine.
Dehlaviyeh anti-tank guided missile, Laser-guided anti-tank guided missile, Infantry Weapons2014 Yemen Civil War, 2014 War Against the Islamic State +1 moreDehlaviyeh anti-tank guided missileLaser-guided anti-tank guided missileBuilt: Iranian defense industry / IranThe Dehlaviyeh, also transliterated Dehlavieh, is an Iranian laser-guided anti-armor missile family introduced through a Defense Ministry production line in July 2012 and derived from the Russian Kornet design lineage. Public conflict evidence ties Dehlavieh 9M133-type guided weapons to Popular Mobilization Unit militia arsenals in Iraq and to maritime interdictions of Dehlaviyeh-family launchers or missiles moving from Iran toward Houthi-aligned forces in Yemen, where the record supports transfer and supply-chain context rather than confirmed battlefield firing.
MILAN, Man-portable anti-tank guided missile, Infantry Weapons1978 Chadian-Libyan Conflict, 1982 Falklands War +5 moreMILANMan-portable anti-tank guided missileBuilt: Euromissile / MBDA / France / GermanyMILAN is a Franco-German, wire-guided anti-tank guided missile built around a reusable launch post and disposable missile round. Designed for infantry anti-armor teams, the SACLOS system requires the operator to keep the sight on target while guidance commands travel through a wire link. Its long service record spans Cold War export use, truck-mounted Chadian firepower in 1987, German-supplied Peshmerga launchers in Iraq, Islamic State use documented at Kobane, and French deliveries to Ukraine after Russia's 2022 full-scale invasion.
TS-50 anti-personnel mine, Minimum-metal blast anti-personnel mine, Infantry Weapons1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +3 moreTS-50 anti-personnel mineMinimum-metal blast anti-personnel mineBuilt: Tecnovar Italiana SpA / ItalyThe TS-50 is an Italian minimum-metal blast anti-personnel mine built around a small pressure-actuated plastic body and pneumatic fuze. The record covers the Italian TS/50 baseline and closely documented T/79 and YM-1 copy designations, with conflict-use evidence from Afghanistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Syria, and the Russia-Ukraine War's Donbas supply trail.
RPG-32, Reusable shoulder-fired anti-tank and anti-structure rocket launcher, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2013 War in Iraq +1 moreRPG-32Reusable shoulder-fired anti-tank and anti-structure rocket launcherBuilt: Bazalt / JADARA Equipment & Defence Systems / Russia / JordanThe RPG-32 is a Russian-designed, Jordan-assembled reusable shoulder-fired launcher marketed by JADARA as the Nashshab family. JADARA says the 105 mm launcher weighs 3 kg, rises to 12.4 kg ready to fire, and can switch between PG-32V tandem anti-tank and TBG-32V thermobaric grenades in sealed tubes. ARES reporting has documented the system with Ansar al-Sharia/AQAP fighters in Yemen and Kurdish CT Unit personnel in northern Iraq, while later open-source imagery placed the weapon in Ukrainian hands during the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
Sniper rifle, Scoped precision rifle, Infantry Weapons2001 War in Afghanistan, 2003 Iraq War +2 moreSniper rifleScoped precision rifleBuilt: Various manufacturers / Multiple countriesSniper rifles are scoped precision rifles used by trained marksmen for observation, overwatch, and selective long-range fire. The record covers representative combat and supply contexts rather than one national design: U.S. Army fielding in Afghanistan and Iraq, U.S. security assistance to Ukraine, and Philippine government sniper positions during the 2017 Battle of Marawi.
12-gauge shotgun, Shotgun, Infantry Weapons2022 Haitian Gang Conflict, 2012 Central African Republic Civil War +3 more12-gauge shotgunShotgunBuilt: O.F. Mossberg & Sons / Remington / Winchester / Beretta / Mossberg, Remington, Akkar, and other manufacturers / United States / Italy / Turkey / other countriesThe 12-gauge shotgun is a broad family of shoulder-fired smoothbore firearms chambered for fixed shotgun shells. Modern 12-gauge guns span pump-action, break-action, and semi-automatic layouts, while documented conflict roles range from Ukrainian short-range counter-drone defense and Central African militia small arms to Islamic State recoveries; Haiti coverage is narrower because the cited reporting identifies gang-held pump-action shotguns without confirming gauge.
Toophan anti-tank guided missile, Tube-launched anti-tank guided missile family, Infantry Weapons2011 Syrian Civil War, 2013 War in Iraq +2 moreToophan anti-tank guided missileTube-launched anti-tank guided missile familyBuilt: Iranian defense industry / Aerospace Industries Organization / Iran Electronics Industries / IranThe Toophan is an Iranian anti-tank guided missile family derived from the BGM-71 TOW, with wire-guided baseline models and later top-attack, thermobaric, and laser-guided branches. Public reporting connects Toophan systems to Syrian-government-aligned militias, Iraqi Popular Mobilization Unit forces, Houthi-aligned forces in Yemen, and Hezbollah forces in Lebanon through fielded-system, interdiction, battlefield-recovery, and direct-use evidence.
Munitions

Category

Standalone missiles, bombs, rockets, torpedoes, and guided or unguided explosive payloads.

15/15
M888 60 mm high explosive cartridge, 60 mm high-explosive mortar cartridge, Munitions2001 War in Afghanistan, 2013 War in IraqM888 60 mm high explosive cartridge60 mm high-explosive mortar cartridgeBuilt: American Ordnance / Iowa Army Ammunition Plant / United StatesThe M888 is a U.S. 60 mm high-explosive mortar cartridge for the M224/M224A1 Lightweight Company Mortar System. Army and environmental ordnance references identify it as DODIC B643 with an M935 point-detonating fuze, Composition B fill, 67- to 3,490-meter range, and fragmentation/blast effects against personnel and light materiel. Public conflict-specific evidence for this cartridge currently comes from Afghan National Army and Iraq Train and Equip Fund supply records, so the conflict rows document transfer and delivery context rather than confirmed battlefield firing.
M721 60 mm visible light illumination cartridge, 60 mm visible-light illuminating mortar cartridge, Munitions2001 War in Afghanistan, 2013 War in IraqM721 60 mm visible light illumination cartridge60 mm visible-light illuminating mortar cartridgeBuilt: Pine Bluff Arsenal / United StatesThe M721 is a U.S. 60 mm visible-light illuminating mortar cartridge for the M224/M224A1 lightweight company mortar system. Army ammunition materials describe a parachute-and-candle payload, an M776 mechanical time fuze, and roughly 300,000 candlepower for observation, fire adjustment, and signaling, while transfer and budget records place the round in Afghan and Iraqi partner-force ammunition channels.
M722A1 60 mm white phosphorous smoke cartridge, 60 mm white phosphorous smoke mortar cartridge, Munitions2001 War in Afghanistan, 2013 War in IraqM722A1 60 mm white phosphorous smoke cartridge60 mm white phosphorous smoke mortar cartridgeBuilt: Pine Bluff Arsenal / United StatesThe M722A1 is a U.S. 60 mm white phosphorous smoke cartridge for the M224/M224A1 Lightweight Company Mortar System. Army ammunition documents describe it as a spotting and marking round with a bulk-loaded white phosphorous projectile and an electronic M783 PD/DLY fuze, while transfer and budget records place the round in Afghan and Iraqi partner-force ammunition channels.
82mm Mortar Round VO-832DU, 82 mm high-explosive mortar bomb / mortar round, Munitions2003 Iraq War, 2015 Various Conflicts82mm Mortar Round VO-832DU82 mm high-explosive mortar bomb / mortar roundBuilt: Arcus JSC / BulgariaThe VO-832DU is a Bulgarian 82 mm high-explosive mortar bomb sold by Arcus JSC for 82 mm smooth-bore mortars, including the 2B14 Podnos. The record also tracks closely related O-832DU-family evidence: NARA/DVIDS documents Bulgarian O-832DU rounds in an 2003 Iraq War weapons cache, while GICHD's Ukraine ordnance guide identifies the improved 53-O-832DU version in its 82 mm O-832 entry.
C-601 / YJ-6, Air-launched anti-ship cruise missile, Munitions1980 Iran-Iraq WarC-601 / YJ-6Air-launched anti-ship cruise missileBuilt: China Haiying Electro-Mechanical Technology Academy / China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation / ChinaThe C-601, known in Chinese service as the YJ-6 and to NATO as CAS-1 Kraken, is a Chinese air-launched anti-ship cruise missile adapted from the HY-2/Silkworm family for H-6D bomber carriage. It gave Iraqi H-6D bombers a heavy standoff maritime-strike weapon during the 1988 Tanker War phase of the 1980 Iran-Iraq War.
Anti-ship cruise missile, Anti-ship cruise missile, Munitions1982 Falklands War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +4 moreAnti-ship cruise missileAnti-ship cruise missileBuilt: Various manufacturers / Multiple countriesAnti-ship cruise missiles are guided standoff weapons built to attack warships and high-value surface vessels from aircraft, ships, submarines, and coastal launchers. The class is documented from Falklands War Exocet attacks and Tanker War maritime strikes to Ukrainian Neptune use in the Black Sea, Iraqi Silkworm launches in the 1990 Gulf War, Hezbollah's 2006 C-802 strike, and Houthi launches during the 2023 Red Sea Crisis.
AR-1 laser-guided air-to-surface missile, Laser-guided air-to-surface missile, Munitions2013 War in Iraq, 2009 Boko Haram InsurgencyAR-1 laser-guided air-to-surface missileLaser-guided air-to-surface missileBuilt: China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics / ChinaThe AR-1 is a Chinese laser-guided air-to-surface missile developed by the China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics for CH-series UAV carriage. Open reporting describes a semi-active laser and inertial-guided weapon with a 2 to 8 km range, blast or shaped-charge warheads, Iraqi CH-4B combat use against ISIS, and Nigerian CH-3A carriage in the Boko Haram insurgency.
R-17 Scud-B ballistic missile, Short-range ballistic missile, Munitions1973 Yom Kippur War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +5 moreR-17 Scud-B ballistic missileShort-range ballistic missileBuilt: Votkinsk Machine Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe R-17 Elbrus, known to NATO as the SS-1C Scud-B, is a Soviet road-mobile, liquid-fueled short-range ballistic missile built for deep strikes with conventional, chemical, or nuclear payloads. Its combat record spans Egyptian launches in 1973, Iranian and Iraqi city strikes in the 1980-1988 war, Libyan missile attempts in 1986 and 2011, South Yemeni strikes in 1994, Armenian strikes on Ganja in 2020, and Houthi-aligned use of inherited Yemeni stocks, illustrating the lasting political and civilian risk of older inaccurate ballistic missiles.
R-60 missile, Short-range infrared-guided air-to-air missile, Munitions1980 Iran-Iraq War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine WarR-60 missileShort-range infrared-guided air-to-air missileBuilt: Molniya (later Vympel) / Soviet UnionThe R-60, known to NATO as the AA-8 Aphid, is a Soviet short-range infrared-guided air-to-air missile developed by Molniya for close-in fighter combat and export fighter armament. Specialist air-combat records document Iraqi R-60-family use during the Iran-Iraq War, while Ukrainian intelligence-linked reporting documents Russian Geran-2/Shahed drones adapted to carry R-60 missiles in the Russia-Ukraine War.
12-gauge slug, Single-projectile 12-gauge shotgun cartridge, Munitions2003 Iraq War12-gauge slugSingle-projectile 12-gauge shotgun cartridgeBuilt: Remington, Federal Premium, Winchester, and other manufacturers / United States, Germany, and other countriesThe 12-gauge slug is a single-projectile shotgun cartridge family that includes Foster or rifled slugs, Brenneke-style attached-wad slugs, sabot slugs, and military duty loads such as A023. FBI Crime Laboratory Digest material distinguishes the Brenneke and Foster layouts, Remington and Federal publish current 1-ounce 12-gauge slug loads, and DVIDS records 200,000 slug rounds among ammunition delivered to Iraqi security forces during the 2003 Iraq War.
P-15 Termit, Soviet anti-ship cruise missile, Munitions1971 Indo-Pakistani War, 1973 Yom Kippur War +1 moreP-15 TermitSoviet anti-ship cruise missileBuilt: Raduga Design Bureau / Progress plant, Arsenyev / Soviet UnionThe P-15 Termit, known to NATO as the SS-N-2 Styx, is a Soviet anti-ship cruise missile developed by MKB Raduga for missile boats, export corvettes, and coastal batteries. Its combat record spans Indian Styx strikes on Karachi in 1971, Egyptian and Syrian missile-boat launches during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and Iraqi Osa-boat use during the Iran-Iraq War.
9M21 rocket, Unguided artillery rocket, Munitions1973 Yom Kippur War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +3 more9M21 rocketUnguided artillery rocketBuilt: Barrikada plant / Soviet UnionThe 9M21 is the Soviet unguided, spin-stabilized artillery rocket fired by the 9K52 Luna-M/FROG-7 system. It paired a single-stage solid motor with interchangeable warhead sections, giving Luna-M batteries conventional high-explosive, cluster, chemical, nuclear, and leaflet-dispensing options. Direct conflict sources trace FROG-7 or 9M21 use by Syria, Iraq, and Houthi-aligned forces.
Support Equipment

Category

Transport, logistics, recovery, command, engineering, and other enabling equipment.

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Tanks

Category

Heavy armor built around direct fire, protection, and battlefield shock.

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T-62, Main battle tank, Tanks1973 Yom Kippur War, 1979 Soviet-Afghan War +7 moreT-62Main battle tankBuilt: Uralvagonzavod / Soviet UnionThe T-62 is a Soviet main battle tank built around a 115 mm U-5TS/2A20 smoothbore gun, a four-person crew, and a conventional tracked armor layout inherited from the T-54/T-55 design line. Produced in large numbers by Uralvagonzavod, it moved from Cold War export and Soviet service into long-tail combat use: Egyptian and Iraqi T-62s appear in 1970s and 1991 conflict records, while upgraded or inherited T-62M/T-62MV stocks reappeared in Syria, Libya, Ukraine, Tigray, and Yemen.
T-72, Main battle tank, Tanks2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +7 moreT-72Main battle tankBuilt: Uralvagonzavod / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union / Russia / licensed producersThe T-72 is a Soviet main battle tank family built around a three-person crew, an autoloaded 125 mm gun, and a compact tracked chassis that entered Soviet service in 1974. Its long production run, licensed derivatives, and post-Soviet stockpiles made it a recurring armored vehicle in Iraq, Chechnya, Georgia, Syria, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh, and the Russia-Ukraine War.
T-54/T-55, Main battle tank / medium tank family, Tanks2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2009 Boko Haram Insurgency +7 moreT-54/T-55Main battle tank / medium tank familyBuilt: Uralvagonzavod / Kharkiv Locomotive Factory / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union / Poland / CzechoslovakiaThe T-54/T-55 is a Soviet tank family built around a low-profile tracked hull, four-person crew, and 100 mm D-10-series gun. It became one of the most widely produced tank families of the Cold War, with Soviet and licensed production spreading across Warsaw Pact and partner states. Direct conflict sourcing traces the family from North Vietnamese T-54 use in the 1975 fall of Saigon and Iraqi T-55s in the Gulf War to recent secondary fire-support, capture, and loss contexts in Ukraine, Yemen, Libya, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nigeria, and Sudan.