Conflict side

Artsakh Weapons and Military Equipment

Artsakh was the self-name of the de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized Armenian-run polity in Nagorno-Karabakh whose defense profile centered on the Artsakh Defense Army, Armenian backing, Soviet legacy equipment, local field adaptation, and the September 2023 collapse that ended its institutions.

71 weapon systems
Overview

Artsakh, formally presented in its 2017 constitutional text as both the Republic of Artsakh and the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, functioned as a de facto Armenian-governed polity in Nagorno-Karabakh after the 1994 ceasefire but was not recognized by any UN member state. Freedom House describes the territory as mostly ethnic Armenian, diplomatically isolated, and dependent on close political and economic ties with Armenia.

Its military center of gravity was the Artsakh Defense Army, a Stepanakert-based force that public military analysis described before the 2023 collapse as division-size, with three motorized rifle brigades, a tank regiment, and supporting elements. The connected equipment record is therefore dominated by Soviet and Russian-origin armor, artillery, air defense, mines, and Armenian-backed wartime adaptations rather than an autonomous procurement base.

Artsakh's defense identity is inseparable from the disputed status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenian-linked sources commonly use Artsakh and Stepanakert, while Azerbaijani and many international or legal sources use Nagorno-Karabakh and Khankendi and frame the territory inside Azerbaijan's internationally recognized borders.

The 2020 war exposed a force built around inherited and Armenian-supported heavy equipment to a battlefield dominated by Azerbaijani UAV surveillance, loitering munitions, artillery, rockets, and air-defense suppression. Open-source loss records and human-rights investigations are strongest for systems that were destroyed, captured, abandoned, or whose munition remnants were documented, which makes them useful for presence but weaker for complete inventories.

The force also showed signs of local adaptation. Artsakh-linked reporting described assault drone testing by Defense Army specialists in 2020, and cataloged field conversions such as MT-LB carriers with anti-aircraft guns reflect a practical effort to turn available Soviet chassis and gun systems into mobile fire-support or short-range air-defense platforms.

Artsakh's final period was shaped by isolation rather than rearmament. The Lachin corridor crisis narrowed the main route between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan's September 19-20, 2023 offensive forced local armed forces into ceasefire and disarmament terms, and a September 28 decree ordered Artsakh state institutions dissolved by January 1, 2024.

de facto state structureArtsakh Defense ArmyArmenian-backed supply chainSoviet legacy equipmentfield conversions and drone experiments2023 collapse and disarmament
Featured Weapons
T-72, Main battle tank, Tanks

T-72

Representative of the Soviet legacy armor baseline and the tank-regiment component described in public force-structure analysis.

Tanks / Main battle tank
BM-21 Grad, 122 mm multiple rocket launcher, Artillery

BM-21 Grad

A compact symbol of Artsakh's artillery-heavy side of the 2020 fight, tied to Armenian/Artsakh rocket-artillery losses and captures.

Artillery / 122 mm multiple rocket launcher
S-300, Long-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense

S-300

Highlights the high-end air-defense layer around Nagorno-Karabakh and the pressure Azerbaijani strike systems placed on fixed and semi-fixed defenses.

Air Defense / Long-range surface-to-air missile system
Tor-M2, Short-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense

Tor-M2

Shows the limited modern counter-UAV layer within an arsenal otherwise dominated by older Soviet systems.

Air Defense / Short-range surface-to-air missile system
MT-LB with Zastava M55 anti-aircraft gun, Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun conversion, Air Defense

MT-LB with Zastava M55 anti-aircraft gun

Represents local and Armenian-side field adaptation: an available tracked carrier paired with a light anti-aircraft gun for mobile short-range fire support.

Air Defense / Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun conversion
Unrecognized State Structure

The 2017 constitutional text used Republic of Artsakh and Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh as equivalent official names and named Stepanakert as capital. The same text placed the president at the center of executive power, created a government headed by a state minister and ministers, and defined a proportional National Assembly of 27 to 33 deputies.

That formal structure existed outside international recognition. Freedom House describes the entity as de facto independent after the 1994 ceasefire but unrecognized by UN member states and heavily dependent on Armenia because of geographic and diplomatic isolation. Azerbaijani, UN-aligned, and many international legal framings treated Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.

Artsakh Defense Army

The Artsakh Defense Army, also described as the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army or Defense Army of the Republic of Artsakh, was the main military institution. The 2017 constitutional text put armed forces under civilian control, made the president commander-in-chief, and empowered the president to appoint and dismiss the supreme command.

Public military analysis before the September 2023 defeat described the force as headquartered in Stepanakert and organized around three motorized rifle brigades, a tank regiment, and support elements. The same analysis said the force reportedly received priority access to light arms, heavy artillery, tanks, and armored vehicles from the Armenian army, a framing that fits the combined Armenia/Artsakh conflict-side evidence used in weapon records.

Armenian Support and Supply Limits

Artsakh's supply chain is best understood through Armenia rather than through independent global procurement. SIPRI's assessment of arms transfers around the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict emphasizes Armenia's heavy reliance on Russian-origin major arms in the decade before the 2020 war, including armored vehicles, air-defense systems, rocket artillery, and tanks.

That does not prove separate Artsakh purchases. For side-level analysis, Armenian state procurement, inherited Soviet stocks, battlefield transfers, local operation in Nagorno-Karabakh, and Artsakh Defense Army custody have to be kept distinct unless a source directly narrows the chain.

Legacy Equipment and Field Adaptation

The connected equipment pattern is heavy in armor, artillery, mines, and air defense. T-72 tanks, BMP infantry fighting vehicles, MT-LB carriers, BM-21 Grad launchers, 2S1 Gvozdika howitzers, Osa, Strela-10, Tor, Kub, and S-300-family systems point to a Soviet and Russian-origin arsenal adapted to a small mountainous battlespace.

Local adaptation appears in a narrower, better-supported form than a mature defense industry. NEWS.am reported in 2020 that assault drones designed and updated by Artsakh and Defense Army specialists had passed final testing, while cataloged MT-LB conversions with ZU-23, S-60, and Zastava M55 guns show the practical reuse of available chassis and anti-aircraft weapons for mobile air-defense and direct-fire roles.

2020 Air, Missile, and Artillery Environment

The 2020 war made Artsakh's force structure visible largely through combat effects and losses. CSIS and Army University Press describe a battlefield in which Azerbaijani drones, loitering munitions, missiles, rocket artillery, and electronic warfare helped locate, suppress, and destroy Armenian/Artsakh armor and air defenses.

Human Rights Watch documented cluster munition use in the Karabakh conflict, including Smerch-family rockets attributed to Armenian or Nagorno-Karabakh forces, while Oryx visually recorded Armenian/Artsakh equipment destroyed, damaged, abandoned, or captured. Those sources are strong for documented presence and loss events, but they do not provide a full order of battle.

Collapse and Dissolution Timeline
  1. Nagorno-Karabakh Republic proclaimed

    Local authorities proclaimed the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic as the Soviet Union was breaking apart, beginning the state-like institutional project later branded as Artsakh.

  2. Ceasefire leaves de facto separation

    The 1994 ceasefire left Nagorno-Karabakh under Armenian-backed de facto control while the entity remained outside international recognition.

  3. Constitutional name shift

    The 2017 constitutional text treated Republic of Artsakh and Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh as identical official names and set the presidential constitutional structure.

  4. Forty-four-day war begins

    Azerbaijan's 2020 campaign brought UAV-enabled targeting, missile and rocket strikes, armored losses, and air-defense suppression into the center of the Nagorno-Karabakh battlefield.

  5. Lachin corridor crisis begins

    Obstruction of the Lachin corridor, the main road link to Armenia, created severe access, supply, and humanitarian pressure in Nagorno-Karabakh.

  6. Azerbaijan launches final offensive

    Azerbaijan's September 19-20 operation forced local Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh to accept ceasefire and disarmament terms.

  7. Artsakh institutions dissolved

    A September 28, 2023 decree ordered Artsakh state institutions dissolved by January 1, 2024, ending the entity's on-the-ground institutional structure.

Attribution and Naming Caveats

Artsakh evidence often passes through combined Armenia/Artsakh labels. A weapon linked to that conflict side should not be read as proof of independent Artsakh ownership unless the underlying source identifies the Artsakh Defense Army, local Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh, or equipment physically located in the enclave. Place names also vary: Artsakh-linked sources commonly use Artsakh and Stepanakert, while Azerbaijani and many international sources use Nagorno-Karabakh and Khankendi.

Artsakh Context
Attribution Boundary

Combined Armenia/Artsakh weapon evidence supports the reviewed conflict-side mapping, but it should not be read as proof of independent Artsakh custody unless the underlying source identifies local forces, the Artsakh Defense Army, or equipment in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Sources

Artsakh is a contested and historical side profile. Sources differ in naming, sovereignty framing, and attribution; combined Armenia/Artsakh evidence supports the reviewed conflict-side mapping but does not always prove independent Artsakh custody. Oryx-style loss records are visual datasets rather than complete inventories, SIPRI supports Armenian state supply context rather than separate Artsakh procurement, and legally loaded displacement or ethnic-cleansing terminology should be attributed to the publisher using it.

Aircraft & UAVs

Category

Crewed aircraft, drones, and loitering munitions.

3/3
Su-25, Ground-attack aircraft, Aircraft & UAVs1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +16 moreSu-25Ground-attack aircraftBuilt: Sukhoi / Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant / United Aircraft Corporation / Soviet Union / Russia / GeorgiaThe Su-25 is a Soviet-designed armored close air support aircraft built for low-level battlefield strike, rough-field operation, and heavy stores carriage. Developed by Sukhoi and produced in Soviet, Russian, and Georgian factories, the twin-engine subsonic jet combines a protected cockpit, internal 30 mm cannon, and multiple pylons for rockets, bombs, missiles, and adapted guided weapons, with documented use from Afghanistan and Iraq to Darfur, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Ukraine.
Mi-2, Light twin-turbine utility and training helicopter, Aircraft & UAVs2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +2 moreMi-2Light twin-turbine utility and training helicopterBuilt: WSK PZL-Swidnik / PolandThe Mi-2, NATO reporting name Hoplite, is a Soviet-designed light utility helicopter produced in Poland by PZL-Swidnik. It moved the Mi-1 light-helicopter concept to twin turboshaft power, giving operators a compact transport, training, rescue, reconnaissance, and limited armed-support platform. Cataloged conflict evidence ranges from Soviet and Nagorno-Karabakh inventory context to Ukrainian loss and transfer records and Myanmar reporting on junta air attacks.
Air Defense

Category

Systems that contest aircraft, missiles, helicopters, and drones.

19/19
2A14 23 mm cannon, 23 mm gas-operated autocannon, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +4 more2A14 23 mm cannon23 mm gas-operated autocannonBuilt: KBP Instrument Design Bureau / Tulamashzavod / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 2A14 is the air-cooled 23 x 152B mm autocannon at the core of ZU-23 and ZU-23-2 short-range air-defense guns, with a quick-change barrel and a belt-feed layout that can be arranged from either side. Public conflict evidence most often documents it through the mounts that carry it: ZU-23-2 guns in Ukrainian service, SPLA-N air-defense fire in South Kordofan, Armenian and Artsakh losses in Nagorno-Karabakh, Houthi firing around Hudaydah, Tigray Defence Forces heavy weapons, and 2A14-pattern or ZU-23-2-pattern weapons with rebel forces in northern Mali.
MT-LB with AZP S-60 anti-aircraft gun, Improvised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2014 Russia-Ukraine WarMT-LB with AZP S-60 anti-aircraft gunImprovised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Plant No. 4 named after Voroshilov, Krasnoyarsk / Unknown / Soviet Union / Armenia / RussiaThe MT-LB with AZP S-60 anti-aircraft gun is an improvised tracked fire-support and air-defense conversion that combines the Soviet MT-LB armored carrier with the 57 mm AZP-57 gun of the S-60 system. Public evidence ties the configuration to Armenian and Artsakh losses in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and to Russian field adaptations during the full-scale 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
MT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun, Improvised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2003 Iraq War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +2 moreMT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gunImprovised tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Soviet state arsenals / Unknown / Soviet Union / ArmeniaThe MT-LB with ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun is an improvised tracked fire-support and short-range air-defense vehicle that combines the Soviet MT-LB multipurpose armored tractor with a twin 23 mm ZU-23 gun mount. Public records show the configuration in Iraqi, Russian, Ukrainian, Syrian, and Armenian or Artsakh service contexts, with documented examples ranging from an Iraqi wreck in Baghdad to vehicles destroyed, damaged, or captured in later wars.
S-300, Long-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 moreS-300Long-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Almaz Central Design Bureau / Fakel Machine-Building Design Bureau / Soviet Union / RussiaThe S-300 is a Soviet-designed long-range surface-to-air missile family spanning early P-series air-defense systems, export S-300PMU upgrades, and the tracked S-300V branch. Ukraine has relied on legacy S-300 batteries for area air defense, received Slovakia's S-300PMU in 2022, Russia has fired S-300 missiles at Ukrainian ground targets, and Iran fields S-300PMU-2 batteries around strategic sites.
Igla, Man-portable infrared-homing surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 1984 Kurdish-Turkish Conflict +6 moreIglaMan-portable infrared-homing surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: KB Mashinostroyeniya / Soviet Union / RussiaThe Igla family is a Soviet/Russian shoulder-fired MANPADS built to give small air-defense teams a mobile, infrared-guided weapon against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, drones, and cruise missiles. Documented conflict use and fielding spans Ukrainian mobile air-defense teams, PKK use against a Turkish AH-1W helicopter, Syrian armed-group inventories, RSF fielding in Sudan, and Indian Army Igla-S teams reported in Operation Sindoor coverage.
9M32 Strela-2 / SA-7 MANPADS, Man-portable surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2023 Israel-Hamas War, 2014 Second Libyan Civil War +5 more9M32 Strela-2 / SA-7 MANPADSMan-portable surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: KBM Kolomna / Soviet UnionThe 9M32 Strela-2, NATO SA-7 Grail, is a Soviet infrared-guided MANPADS whose compact shoulder-fired design spread widely through state arsenals, proxy forces, and armed groups. Its conflict record ranges from confirmed launch reports to delivery, capture, or displayed-materiel evidence in the Soviet-Afghan War, Ukraine, Syria, Libya, Sinai, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Gaza.
30N6 engagement radar, S-300-family engagement and missile-guidance radar, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 more30N6 engagement radarS-300-family engagement and missile-guidance radarBuilt: Almaz-Antey / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 30N6 is the S-300P-family engagement radar lineage known by NATO as Flap Lid and, on later export configurations, Tomb Stone. The 5N63S Flap Lid B branch is the self-propelled S-300PS-era configuration, giving S-300P, S-300PS, S-300PMU, and S-300PMU-2 batteries target tracking, illumination, and missile-guidance functions rather than serving as a standalone weapon. Direct conflict records place Flap Lid-family radars in Ukraine and Nagorno-Karabakh losses, and satellite-based analysis identified a 30N6/30N6E radar as the probable S-300 component hit near Isfahan in April 2024.
5P85S TEL, S-300PS master transporter-erector-launcher, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict5P85S TELS-300PS master transporter-erector-launcherBuilt: Almaz Central Design Bureau / Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ) / Soviet UnionThe 5P85S is the master self-propelled transporter-erector-launcher in early S-300PS launcher groups. It carries four S-300 missile canisters, adds the control electronics that coordinate paired 5P85D slave launchers under the S-300PS engagement radar, and has been documented as Ukrainian and Armenian/Artsakh S-300PS battlefield materiel in open-source loss records.
5P85D TEL, S-300PS slave transporter-erector-launcher, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict5P85D TELS-300PS slave transporter-erector-launcherBuilt: Almaz Central Design Bureau / Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ) / Soviet UnionThe 5P85D is a Soviet road-mobile transporter-erector-launcher associated with S-300PS and early S-300PMU air-defense batteries. It is the additional slave launcher in a 5P85SD launcher group, normally controlled by a 5P85S master TEL, carries four S-300 missile canisters on a MAZ-543M-family 8x8 chassis, and has been separately identified in Ukrainian and Armenian/Artsakh visual-loss records.
9K33 Osa, Short-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +7 more9K33 OsaShort-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant (IEMZ) / Soviet UnionThe 9K33 Osa, NATO reporting name SA-8 Gecko, is a Soviet short-range self-propelled surface-to-air missile system that combines search radar, tracking radar, command guidance, and ready-to-fire missiles on a single amphibious 6x6 TELAR. Cataloged conflict records show the system across several generations of air-defense use: Syrian Osa-AK vehicles in Lebanon in 1982, Iraqi SA-8s in the Gulf War air-defense network, captured Georgian systems in 2008, rebel-held examples in Syria, Armenian and Ukrainian battlefield use, and Indian OSA-AK service during Operation Sindoor.
Tor-M2, Short-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ConflictTor-M2Short-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Almaz-Antey / RussiaThe Tor-M2 is a Russian short-range, self-propelled surface-to-air missile system built to protect maneuver forces and fixed sites from aircraft, helicopters, drones, guided missiles, and other precision weapons. The 9A331M designation identifies the tracked Tor-M2 launcher/radar vehicle in the 9K332 family, while 9A332 appears in Tor-M2 reference material for launcher/radar vehicle configurations and the 9A331MU/9K331MU Tor-M1-2U or Tor-M2U branch is a closely related Russian-service upgrade usually handled inside the same Tor-M2 family boundary. In conflict records it appears as Russian mobile front-line air defense in Ukraine and as Armenian Tor-M2KM coverage during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
S-60, Towed 57 mm anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +2 moreS-60Towed 57 mm anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Plant No. 4 named after Voroshilov, Krasnoyarsk / Soviet UnionThe S-60 is a Soviet 57 mm towed anti-aircraft gun adopted in 1950 for low- and medium-altitude air defense. North Vietnamese crews used S-60 guns as part of radar-controlled anti-aircraft defenses in the Vietnam War, and later Armenian/Artsakh, Ukrainian, and Syrian examples show the same gun family repurposed on MT-LB or truck mounts for mobile direct fire and counter-UAV work.
100 mm KS-19 anti-aircraft gun, Towed 100 mm anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Yemen Civil War +3 more100 mm KS-19 anti-aircraft gunTowed 100 mm anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Plant No. 4 Perm / Soviet state arsenals, including Plant No. 8 and Plant No. 235 / Soviet UnionThe KS-19 is a Soviet 100 mm towed anti-aircraft gun designed for high-altitude, radar-directed air defense with fixed ammunition, a powered carriage, and PUAZO/SON-9 fire-control support. U.S. studies tied the gun to North Vietnam's heavy AAA network and Iraqi inventories retained it into the 1990 Gulf War, while later conflict records show legacy KS-19s displayed in Houthi air-defense equipment and repurposed as long-range ground-fire weapons in Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine.
ZU-23-2, Towed twin 23 mm anti-aircraft autocannon, Air Defense2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +3 moreZU-23-2Towed twin 23 mm anti-aircraft autocannonBuilt: KBP Instrument Design Bureau / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union / Russia / Bulgaria / Poland / Egypt / ChinaThe ZU-23-2 is a Soviet twin 23 mm towed anti-aircraft autocannon built around two 2A14 guns on a light carriage. Its manual sighting, rapid emplacement, and high volume of fire make it a close-range air-defense weapon against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and drones, while many operators also use it for direct fire against light vehicles and infantry positions. Ukrainian forces have used ZU-23-2 guns in mobile and positional air-defense teams during the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War, Armenian-side losses in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting included towed and vehicle-mounted ZU-23 guns, and conflict monitors documented ZU-23 or ZU-23-2-pattern use in Yemen, Tigray, and northern Mali.
2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef, Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict2K11 Krug / SA-4 GanefTracked medium-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Plant No. 8 / NPO Novator / Soviet UnionThe 2K11 Krug, NATO reporting name SA-4 Ganef, is a Soviet tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system built around 2P24 launchers, 3M8-series missiles, and separate acquisition and guidance radars. Successive Krug-A, Krug-M, and Krug-M1 updates reduced the system's dead zone and improved parts of its engagement envelope. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict record, public evidence documents Armenian and Artsakh Krug equipment as legacy air defense and later as damaged, captured, or seized materiel rather than confirmed missile firings.
2K12 Kub / Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful, Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense1973 Yom Kippur War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +4 more2K12 Kub / Kvadrat / SA-6 GainfulTracked medium-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: NIIP / Vympel / Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant / Soviet state arsenals / Soviet UnionThe 2K12 Kub, exported as Kvadrat and known to NATO as SA-6 Gainful, is a Soviet tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system built around 3M9 missiles, 2P25 launch vehicles, and the 1S91 Straight Flush radar. Its conflict record spans the 1973 Yom Kippur War, where Egyptian and Syrian SA-6 batteries became a central air-defense problem for Israeli aviation, and later legacy use or transfer in Ukraine, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Libya, and Yemen.
ZSU-23-4 Shilka, Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, Air Defense1973 Yom Kippur War, 1990 Gulf War +5 moreZSU-23-4 ShilkaTracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gunBuilt: Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant / Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant / Soviet UnionThe ZSU-23-4 Shilka is a Soviet tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun built around a radar-directed turret with four 23 mm autocannons. Designed to accompany maneuver forces against low-flying aircraft and helicopters, it became a widely exported low-altitude air-defense system and remains visible in modern wars as both a short-range air-defense and direct-fire platform.
MT-LB with Zastava M55 anti-aircraft gun, Tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun conversion, Air Defense2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ConflictMT-LB with Zastava M55 anti-aircraft gunTracked self-propelled anti-aircraft gun conversionBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Zastava Arms / Soviet Union / SerbiaThe MT-LB with Zastava M55 anti-aircraft gun was an Armenian/Artsakh field conversion that mounted Yugoslav/Serbian 20 mm triple M55A3 or M55A4 guns on the rear deck of the Soviet MT-LB tracked carrier. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, open-source loss records and regional reporting documented these vehicles as short-range air-defense and direct-fire support systems that were destroyed, damaged, or captured by Azerbaijani forces.
9K35 Strela-10, Tracked short-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2011 Syrian Civil War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +1 more9K35 Strela-10Tracked short-range surface-to-air missile systemBuilt: Saratov Aggregate Plant / Kovrov Mechanical Plant / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 9K35 Strela-10, NATO reporting name SA-13 Gopher, is a Soviet tracked short-range air defense system mounted on an MT-LB chassis. Built to protect maneuver forces from low-flying aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, and UAVs, it remains visible in modern conflicts through Syrian battlefield captures, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh losses, and Russian and Ukrainian counter-UAV use.
Armored Vehicles

Category

Troop carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, and protected mobility.

7/7
BRDM-2, Amphibious armored scout car, Armored Vehicles2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +1 moreBRDM-2Amphibious armored scout carBuilt: Gorky Automobile Plant / Arzamas Machine-Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe BRDM-2 is a Soviet amphibious armored scout car built for reconnaissance, patrol, liaison, and specialist battlefield-support tasks. Its family includes radiological and chemical reconnaissance versions such as BRDM-2RKh and BRDM-2RKhb, which add contamination-detection and marking equipment to the scout-car chassis. Oryx loss records keep both base and chemical reconnaissance variants visible in the Russia-Ukraine War, while older export fleets appear in Nagorno-Karabakh, Yemen, and other post-Soviet or Soviet-supplied conflicts despite the vehicle's light armor.
MT-LBu, Amphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassis, Armored Vehicles1990 Gulf War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +1 moreMT-LBuAmphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassisBuilt: Kharkiv Tractor Plant / Soviet Union / UkraineThe MT-LBu is a Soviet amphibious tracked armored carrier and specialist chassis derived from the MT-LB family. Its higher hull, longer seven-road-wheel chassis, and 300 hp YaMZ diesel engine gave armies more internal volume and payload margin for command posts, artillery fire-control vehicles, radar carriers, electronic-warfare systems, and later battlefield conversions in conflicts such as the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
MT-LB, Amphibious tracked armored personnel carrier and artillery tractor, Armored Vehicles1990 Gulf War, 2003 Iraq War +4 moreMT-LBAmphibious tracked armored personnel carrier and artillery tractorBuilt: Kharkov Tractor Plant / Soviet UnionThe MT-LB is a Soviet tracked, amphibious armored carrier developed as a light multipurpose tractor and troop/cargo vehicle. Its low silhouette, large production run, and adaptable chassis made it a common base for command, air-defense, ambulance, anti-tank, and improvised fire-support variants, including widespread use by both sides in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
BMP-1, Infantry fighting vehicle, Armored Vehicles1973 Yom Kippur War, 1990 Gulf War +5 moreBMP-1Infantry fighting vehicleBuilt: Kurganmashzavod / Soviet Union / Czechoslovakia / India / Poland / ChinaThe BMP-1 was the Soviet Union's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle: a tracked, amphibious troop carrier built around a 73 mm 2A28 Grom gun, a coaxial PKT, and the original 9M14 Malyutka missile rail. Its export scale and simple upgrade path have kept BMP-1 hulls in service from the 1973 Yom Kippur War to Ukraine, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus.
BMP-2, Tracked amphibious infantry fighting vehicle, Armored Vehicles1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +3 moreBMP-2Tracked amphibious infantry fighting vehicleBuilt: Kurganmashzavod / Soviet Union / RussiaThe BMP-2 is a Soviet tracked infantry fighting vehicle that replaced the BMP-1's low-velocity gun with a stabilized 30 mm 2A42 autocannon while retaining an anti-tank missile launcher and amphibious mobility. Its troop carriage, direct-fire, and ATGM roles were documented in Afghanistan and remain visible in post-Soviet and export armored units, with later documented use in Ukraine, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Yemen.
BRM-1K, Tracked armored reconnaissance vehicle, Armored Vehicles2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2014 Yemen Civil War +1 moreBRM-1KTracked armored reconnaissance vehicleBuilt: Kurganmashzavod / Soviet UnionThe BRM-1K is a Soviet tracked armored reconnaissance vehicle derived from the BMP-1 chassis, combining amphibious mobility with battlefield surveillance equipment and a 73 mm 2A28 cannon. Russia later modernized the type as the BRM-1KM/BRM-1K Model 2021 with a BTR-82A-style combat compartment, 30 mm 2A72 armament, updated communications, and newer reconnaissance equipment; both legacy and modernized vehicles are visually documented in post-Soviet conflicts.
BTR-70, Wheeled armored personnel carrier, Armored Vehicles1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +2 moreBTR-70Wheeled armored personnel carrierBuilt: Gorky Automobile Plant / Arzamas Machine-Building Plant / Soviet Union / RussiaThe BTR-70 is a Soviet 8x8 amphibious armored personnel carrier developed from the BTR-60PB family to move motor-rifle troops under armor while retaining the KPVT/PKT turret armament. Afghan-war experience exposed both its practical value and its limits, including side-exit and protection improvements over the BTR-60PB, before later Soviet production shifted toward the diesel-powered BTR-80.
Artillery

Category

Tube artillery, rocket artillery, and long-range ground fires.

21/21
60 mm M57 mortar, 60 mm light infantry mortar, Artillery2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict60 mm M57 mortar60 mm light infantry mortarBuilt: PPT Namenska / SerbiaThe 60 mm M57 is a Yugoslav-pattern smoothbore light infantry mortar now listed by Serbian manufacturer PPT Namenska and in Yugoimport export material. Its official sheets describe a high-angle fire-support weapon built around barrel, base plate, bipod, sight, tools, spares, and accessories; post-Yugoslav records also show Serbian surplus stocks and Balkan export activity. In the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, open-source loss documentation recorded M57 mortars captured from Armenian forces.
82 mm 2B9 Vasilek automatic mortar, 82 mm automatic gun-mortar, Artillery1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 more82 mm 2B9 Vasilek automatic mortar82 mm automatic gun-mortarBuilt: Bolshevik Plant / Diósgyőri Gépgyár / Norinco / Soviet Union; Hungary; ChinaThe 82 mm 2B9 Vasilek is a Soviet automatic gun-mortar that combines mortar trajectories with clip-fed rapid fire from a wheeled carriage. Source-backed conflict records place the family in Soviet-Afghan fire-support accounts, Syrian government and opposition use, Russian-side use in Ukraine, and captured Armenian equipment in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting.
82 mm M69 mortar, 82 mm smoothbore infantry mortar, Artillery2001 War in Afghanistan, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 more82 mm M69 mortar82 mm smoothbore infantry mortarBuilt: Yugoslav state arsenals / PPT Namenska / BNT Novi Travnik / Yugoslavia / Serbia / Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe 82 mm M69 is a Yugoslav-designed smoothbore infantry mortar family that remains in Serbian and former Yugoslav production and service channels, with the M69A variant using a four-person crew, NSB-3 sight, and high-angle fire out to roughly 4.9-6.25 km depending on ammunition. Direct open-source documentation links the family to Afghan government losses in 2021, Syrian opposition use near Aleppo, Armenian and Artsakh losses in Nagorno-Karabakh, and Ukrainian wartime receipt of BNT-marked M69A mortars.
120 mm M74 mortar, 120 mm smoothbore towed mortar, Artillery2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2023 Sudan War +1 more120 mm M74 mortar120 mm smoothbore towed mortarBuilt: PPT Namenska / BNT Novi Travnik / UnisGroup / Serbia / Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe 120 mm M74 is a Yugoslav-origin towed mortar developed in the mid-1970s as part of the M74/M75 light-mortar generation. Current Serbian, Bosnian, Polish, and SIPRI records keep the system in the export-industrial and wartime-transfer record, while open-source conflict documentation places captured examples in Nagorno-Karabakh and a CIG-identified M74 in RSF-linked fighting at El Fasher.
120 mm M75 mortar, 120 mm towed smoothbore mortar, Artillery1991 Croatian War of Independence, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict120 mm M75 mortar120 mm towed smoothbore mortarBuilt: BNT Novi Travnik / UnisGroup / Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe 120 mm M75 mortar is a Yugoslav-designed towed smoothbore mortar associated with the M74/M75 light-mortar family and post-Yugoslav export literature. Yugoimport describes it as infantry close-support artillery for high-angle fire, smoke, illumination, and difficult terrain, while Serbian sources and later defense reporting show the legacy weapon being paired with modern fire-control equipment. Direct records place M75 mortars in JNA fire support around Dubrovnik in 1991 and in Armenian/Artsakh losses during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
BM-21 Grad, 122 mm multiple rocket launcher, Artillery2012 Mali War, 2014 Second Libyan Civil War +11 moreBM-21 Grad122 mm multiple rocket launcherBuilt: Motovilikha Plants / Soviet defense industry / Soviet Union / RussiaThe BM-21 Grad is a Soviet 122 mm multiple rocket launcher built around a 40-tube launcher on a wheeled truck chassis. In the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War it remains a common area-fire system on both sides, valued for rapid salvos and mobility but dependent on shoot-and-scoot tactics because the launcher is carried on an unarmored truck.
122 mm M-30 howitzer, 122 mm towed field howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +1 more122 mm M-30 howitzer122 mm towed field howitzerBuilt: Plant No. 9 / Plant No. 92 / Soviet UnionThe 122 mm M-30 howitzer is a Soviet split-trail towed field howitzer designed by F. F. Petrov's Motovilikha team and serially produced from 1939. Its 11.8 km range, simple carriage, and wide postwar distribution kept it visible long after newer 122 mm guns appeared, with documented recent appearances in Russian, Syrian, YPG, and Armenian/Artsakh conflict records.
D-30 122 mm howitzer, 122 mm towed howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2001 War in Afghanistan +9 moreD-30 122 mm howitzer122 mm towed howitzerBuilt: Artillery Plant No. 9 / Soviet Union / RussiaThe D-30, also known as the 2A18, M1963, or Frog, is a Soviet 122 mm towed howitzer designed by OKB-9 under F. F. Petrov and built at Plant No. 9 in Yekaterinburg. Its three-trail carriage gives 360-degree traverse, and official U.S. Army support material describes the gun as still manufactured internationally and fielded by more than 60 countries' armed forces.
2S1 Gvozdika, 122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer, Artillery1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1990 Gulf War +7 more2S1 Gvozdika122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzerBuilt: Kharkiv Tractor Plant / Plant No. 9 / Soviet UnionThe 2S1 Gvozdika is a Soviet 122 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer built around the 2A31 gun on an amphibious armored chassis derived from the MT-LB family. In the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War it remains a common short-to-medium-range artillery system for both Russian and Ukrainian forces, combining mobility, indirect fire, and widespread 122 mm ammunition compatibility.
2A36 Giatsint-B, 152 mm towed field gun, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2008 Russo-Georgian War +1 more2A36 Giatsint-B152 mm towed field gunBuilt: Perm Machine-Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe 2A36 Giatsint-B is a Soviet 152 mm towed field gun built for long-range indirect fire and counter-battery work. Its 49-caliber barrel and separate-loading ammunition give it reach beyond many older Soviet 152 mm systems, and documented wartime use includes Georgian fielding in 2008, Russian and Ukrainian guns in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War, and Armenian/Artsakh losses in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting.
D-20, 152 mm towed gun-howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 moreD-20152 mm towed gun-howitzerBuilt: No. 9 Uralmash Plant / Soviet Union / China / RomaniaThe D-20 is a Soviet 152 mm towed gun-howitzer developed under F. F. Petrov's Plant No. 9 design bureau for divisional and army-level fire support. Its split-trail carriage, 34-caliber ordnance, double-baffle muzzle brake, and 17.4 km standard range kept it useful across Soviet, Warsaw Pact, Chinese Type 66, Romanian, and export inventories, with documented modern use in Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Yemen, and Iraq.
2S3 Akatsiya, 152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer, Artillery1990 Gulf War, 1994 First Chechen War +4 more2S3 Akatsiya152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzerBuilt: Uraltransmash / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 2S3 Akatsiya is a Soviet 152 mm tracked self-propelled howitzer built around the 2A33 gun and a turreted armored chassis. Designed for divisional fire support and accepted into service in 1971, it appears across Iraqi, Chechen, Syrian, Armenian, Libyan, Russian, and Ukrainian conflict records because large Cold War stocks remained in service long after newer self-propelled artillery entered use.
BM-27 Uragan, 220 mm self-propelled multiple launch rocket system, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +3 moreBM-27 Uragan220 mm self-propelled multiple launch rocket systemBuilt: NPO Splav / Soviet Union / RussiaThe BM-27 Uragan is the Soviet 9K57 220 mm multiple launch rocket system, built around the 16-tube 9P140 launcher and 9T452 transporter-loader on ZIL-135LM-family wheeled chassis. Its rocket family gives heavier payloads than BM-21 Grad-class systems, including high-explosive fragmentation, cluster, incendiary, fuel-air explosive, and mine-scattering rounds. Documented use spans Russia-Ukraine, Syria, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh, and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, with the system still relevant through Ukrainian overhaul work and Bureviy modernization.
BM-30 Smerch, 300 mm heavy multiple launch rocket system, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +1 moreBM-30 Smerch300 mm heavy multiple launch rocket systemBuilt: NPO Splav / RussiaThe BM-30 Smerch, also designated 9K58, is a Soviet-designed heavy multiple launch rocket system built around 300 mm rockets and a 12-tube launcher on an 8x8 wheeled chassis. Its ammunition family includes high-explosive, cargo, mine-laying, sensor-fuzed, and thermobaric rounds, making Smerch a deep-fire artillery system rather than a front-line direct-fire weapon. In Ukraine, Syria, and Nagorno-Karabakh, documented Smerch-family remnants and firing reports tie the launcher to long-range area fires, including cluster-munition attacks.
Ballistic missile, Ballistic missile, Artillery1980 Iran-Iraq War, 1990 Gulf War +8 moreBallistic missileBallistic missileBuilt: Various manufacturers / Multiple countriesBallistic missiles are rocket-propelled weapons that accelerate during boost, then place a payload on a mostly unpowered ballistic path through midcourse and terminal flight. The class spans short-range battlefield missiles, submarine-launched systems, and intercontinental weapons; in recent cataloged conflicts, open sources document Iranian and Houthi use when strike reports identify broad ballistic-missile salvos but not always a single missile model.
9K720 Iskander, Road-mobile tactical ballistic and cruise missile system, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 more9K720 IskanderRoad-mobile tactical ballistic and cruise missile systemBuilt: KBM Kolomna / Votkinsk Machine Building Plant / Barrikady / RussiaThe 9K720 Iskander is a Russian road-mobile tactical missile system that launches 9M723 short-range ballistic missiles and, in Iskander-K configuration, ground-launched cruise missiles. Its documented combat record spans Russian strikes in Ukraine, Syria, and Georgia, plus disputed Armenian use around Shusha in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting.
Tochka-U, Road-mobile tactical ballistic missile system, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Yemen Civil War +5 moreTochka-URoad-mobile tactical ballistic missile systemBuilt: Kolomna Machine Building Design Bureau (KBM) / Soviet Union / RussiaTochka-U is the upgraded 9K79-1/OTR-21 short-range tactical ballistic missile system, carried on a wheeled transporter-erector-launcher and designed for battlefield strikes with high-explosive or cluster warheads. Its public combat record spans post-Soviet, Middle Eastern, and South Caucasus wars, from Russian use in Chechnya and Georgia to Houthi launches in Yemen and documented Russian and Ukrainian Tochka-U use in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
MT-12 Rapira, Towed 100 mm smoothbore anti-tank gun, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 moreMT-12 RapiraTowed 100 mm smoothbore anti-tank gunBuilt: Yurga Machine-Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe MT-12 Rapira is the Soviet 2A29 modernization of the T-12 family, a 100 mm smoothbore towed anti-tank gun designed in the late 1960s by Viktor Afanasiev at the Yurga plant. Entering service in 1970, its redesigned carriage, MT-LB towing arrangement, 9M117 Kastet guided-round option, and later MT-12R Ruta radar fire-control path kept the legacy gun useful for direct fire, indirect fire, and point anti-armor defense.
152 mm D-1 gun-howitzer, Towed 152 mm howitzer, Artillery2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +1 more152 mm D-1 gun-howitzerTowed 152 mm howitzerBuilt: No. 9 Uralmashzavod / Soviet UnionThe 152 mm D-1 gun-howitzer is a Soviet towed heavy howitzer that put a short 152.4 mm ordnance on a lighter split-trail carriage. Its modern record is mostly residual-use evidence: Russia drew D-1 guns from stocks during the full-scale phase of the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War, while open loss records tie the same World War II-era system to Armenian/Artsakh equipment in 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh and Syrian government artillery losses in the 2011 Syrian Civil War.
Electronic Warfare

Category

Systems built to sense, relay, jam, deceive, or attack electromagnetic networks.

1/1
1L271 Aistyonok, Portable mortar locating reconnaissance radar, Electronic Warfare2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +1 more1L271 AistyonokPortable mortar locating reconnaissance radarBuilt: Almaz-Antey / RussiaThe 1L271 Aistyonok is a Russian portable mortar-locating and artillery-reconnaissance radar associated with NPO Strela inside the Almaz-Antey industrial group. Rosoboronexport describes the export system as a modular radar for battalion-to-brigade fire support: detecting 81-120 mm mortar positions, tracking shell bursts for artillery correction, and observing moving ground targets out to 20 km. Specialist radar references describe a 135 kg J-band set, while open-source conflict reporting documents Russian-linked use in Syria and Ukraine plus Armenian/Artsakh wartime fielding problems in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Infantry Weapons

Category

Portable weapons used by soldiers and small units.

9/9
PMN-1/2/4, Antipersonnel blast mine family, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Second Libyan Civil War +2 morePMN-1/2/4Antipersonnel blast mine familyBuilt: Soviet and Russian state arsenals / Soviet Union / RussiaThe PMN-1/2/4 family covers Soviet and Russian pressure-activated antipersonnel blast mines used to deny foot movement and injure personnel at close range. PMN-1 and PMN-2 are Soviet designs, while PMN-4 is a later Russian circular plastic-cased mine; conflict-use records now connect PMN-family mines to Ukraine, Libya, Nagorno-Karabakh-related minefields, and disputed PMN-2 incidents along the Thailand-Cambodia border.
OZM-72, Bounding antipersonnel fragmentation mine, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Yemen Civil War +3 moreOZM-72Bounding antipersonnel fragmentation mineBuilt: Factory 583 / Soviet state arsenals / Soviet Union / RussiaThe OZM-72 is a Soviet-designed bounding antipersonnel fragmentation mine that ejects upward before detonation and scatters fragments around the burst point. Human Rights Watch and Landmine Monitor reporting document the mine in modern clearance and conflict-use cases in Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh, making it a persistent explosive-ordnance hazard rather than only a Cold War stockpile item.
MON-series anti-personnel mine, Directional fragmentation anti-personnel mine family, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2014 Second Libyan Civil War +1 moreMON-series anti-personnel mineDirectional fragmentation anti-personnel mine familyBuilt: Soviet state arsenals / Russian defense industry / Soviet Union / RussiaThe MON series is a Soviet/Russian family of directional fragmentation anti-personnel mines, including MON-50, MON-90, MON-100, and MON-200 patterns that project preformed fragments across a defined sector. Monitoring groups identify the family in Russian mine warfare in Ukraine and in Russian-linked Tripoli minefields in Libya, while the Nagorno-Karabakh record is narrower and rests on postwar MON-50 clearance reporting.
9K111 Fagot, Man-portable anti-tank guided missile system, Infantry Weapons2023 Israel-Hamas War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict +2 more9K111 FagotMan-portable anti-tank guided missile systemBuilt: KBP Instrument Design Bureau / Soviet UnionThe 9K111 Fagot, known to NATO as the AT-4 Spigot, is a Soviet man-portable SACLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile system built around the 9P135 tripod launcher and 9M111 missile family. Its reusable launcher, later 9P135M compatibility with the 9M113 Konkurs, and 2 to 2.5 km range kept it relevant for legacy users, with documented appearances from Ukraine to Gaza and Karabakh.
TS-50 anti-personnel mine, Minimum-metal blast anti-personnel mine, Infantry Weapons1979 Soviet-Afghan War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +3 moreTS-50 anti-personnel mineMinimum-metal blast anti-personnel mineBuilt: Tecnovar Italiana SpA / ItalyThe TS-50 is an Italian minimum-metal blast anti-personnel mine built around a small pressure-actuated plastic body and pneumatic fuze. The record covers the Italian TS/50 baseline and closely documented T/79 and YM-1 copy designations, with conflict-use evidence from Afghanistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Syria, and the Russia-Ukraine War's Donbas supply trail.
9K114 Shturm, Radio-command anti-tank guided missile system, Infantry Weapons2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War9K114 ShturmRadio-command anti-tank guided missile systemBuilt: KBM Kolomna / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 9K114 Shturm is a Soviet radio-command anti-tank guided missile system built around the 9M114 Kokon missile and known to NATO as AT-6 Spiral. Designed by KBM Kolomna for attack helicopters and the MT-LB-based 9P149 Shturm-S carrier, it combines SACLOS guidance, a fast missile, and a 5 km baseline range, with later missile variants reaching 6-7 km. In the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War, Russian 9P149 vehicles have been lost or captured, while Ukrainian units have shown Shturm-S training and Shturm-SM modernization work using domestic sights and RK-2P missiles.
9M113 Konkurs, SACLOS wire-guided anti-tank guided missile, Infantry Weapons2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +4 more9M113 KonkursSACLOS wire-guided anti-tank guided missileBuilt: KBP Instrument Design Bureau / Tula Arms Plant / Bharat Dynamics Limited / Soviet Union / Russia / IndiaThe 9M113 Konkurs, NATO reporting name AT-5 Spandrel, is a Soviet wire-guided anti-tank guided missile family built for infantry launchers, BMP-series vehicle mounts, and the BRDM-2-based 9P148 carrier. Its SACLOS guidance, 135 mm missile body, and 4 km class engagement range kept the family useful after the Cold War, while the Konkurs-M modernization added tandem-HEAT and thermobaric options and remains in Russian export and Indian BDL production context.
POMZ-2, Stake-mounted antipersonnel fragmentation mine, Infantry Weapons2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, 1979 Soviet-Afghan War +2 morePOMZ-2Stake-mounted antipersonnel fragmentation mineBuilt: Soviet state arsenals / Various manufacturers / Soviet UnionThe POMZ-2 is a Soviet stake-mounted antipersonnel fragmentation mine built around a serrated cast-iron body, TNT charge, and pull-fuze tripwire. Its simple above-ground layout made the mine a persistent legacy hazard: cataloged use now spans Soviet mine warfare in Afghanistan, Vietnamese forces in the 1955 Vietnam War, Nagorno-Karabakh stockpiles and defensive minefields, and a limited 2011 Syrian Civil War indication tied to Syrian government forces.
Munitions

Category

Standalone missiles, bombs, rockets, torpedoes, and guided or unguided explosive payloads.

8/8
120 mm HE mortar bomb M62P3, 120 mm high-explosive mortar bomb, Munitions2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict120 mm HE mortar bomb M62P3120 mm high-explosive mortar bombBuilt: PRETIS d.d. / ITC Ltd. Zenica / UnisGroup / Bosnia and HerzegovinaThe 120 mm HE mortar bomb M62P3 is a Yugoslav-pattern high-explosive mortar round now marketed by Balkan ammunition producers including ITC Ltd. Zenica and UnisGroup. Official product pages list a 613 mm fuze-equipped length, 12.6 kg maximum mass, and 300-6464 m range band, while conflict reporting has identified exact M62P3-marked rounds in Ukraine and captured stocks from Nagorno-Karabakh.
9M528 high-explosive fragmentation rocket, 300 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocket, Munitions2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict9M528 high-explosive fragmentation rocket300 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocketBuilt: NPO Splav / RussiaThe 9M528 is a Russian 300 mm high-explosive fragmentation artillery rocket for the 9K58/BM-30 Smerch family. It is the unitary blast-fragmentation option in the Smerch ammunition set, carrying a 243 kg warhead with 95 kg of explosive and 800 preformed fragments to a reported 90 km maximum range. Human Rights Watch linked the designation to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting after Azerbaijan's mine-action agency identified a 9M528 rocket at Ayrija in Goranboy district.
9N235 cluster submunition, High-explosive fragmentation cluster submunition, Munitions2011 Syrian Civil War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +1 more9N235 cluster submunitionHigh-explosive fragmentation cluster submunitionBuilt: NPO Splav / Soviet Union / RussiaThe 9N235 is a Soviet/Russian fin-stabilized high-explosive fragmentation submunition dispersed by Smerch and Uragan cargo rockets. Open-source ordnance investigations and humanitarian monitors document it in Syria, Ukraine, and the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, where it appears as an area-effect rocket-artillery payload rather than a standalone fired weapon.
9M723 Iskander ballistic missile, Road-mobile short-range ballistic missile, Munitions2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +2 more9M723 Iskander ballistic missileRoad-mobile short-range ballistic missileBuilt: Kolomna Machine Building Design Bureau (KBM) / Votkinsk Machine Building Plant / RussiaThe 9M723 is the ballistic missile fired by Russia's Iskander-M system, a road-mobile short-range strike weapon associated with conventional, cluster, and nuclear-capable payload options. Its combat record spans Russian use in Ukraine, Syria, and Georgia, plus disputed Armenian use around Shusha in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting.
R-17 Scud-B ballistic missile, Short-range ballistic missile, Munitions1973 Yom Kippur War, 1980 Iran-Iraq War +5 moreR-17 Scud-B ballistic missileShort-range ballistic missileBuilt: Votkinsk Machine Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe R-17 Elbrus, known to NATO as the SS-1C Scud-B, is a Soviet road-mobile, liquid-fueled short-range ballistic missile built for deep strikes with conventional, chemical, or nuclear payloads. Its combat record spans Egyptian launches in 1973, Iranian and Iraqi city strikes in the 1980-1988 war, Libyan missile attempts in 1986 and 2011, South Yemeni strikes in 1994, Armenian strikes on Ganja in 2020, and Houthi-aligned use of inherited Yemeni stocks, illustrating the lasting political and civilian risk of older inaccurate ballistic missiles.
3M8 anti-aircraft guided missile, Soviet ramjet-powered surface-to-air missile carried and launched by the 2K11 Krug system, Munitions2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict3M8 anti-aircraft guided missileSoviet ramjet-powered surface-to-air missile carried and launched by the 2K11 Krug systemBuilt: NPO Novator / Plant No. 8 / Soviet UnionThe 3M8 is the large Soviet surface-to-air missile built for the 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef tracked air-defense system. It combined four solid-fuel launch boosters with a kerosene ramjet sustainer, a heavy fragmentation warhead, and command-guidance integration with Krug radars and launchers. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict record, direct public evidence is limited to captured 3M8 missiles documented with abandoned Armenian Krug equipment after the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive.
Support Equipment

Category

Transport, logistics, recovery, command, engineering, and other enabling equipment.

2/2
ZIL-131, 6x6 general-purpose army truck, Support Equipment2008 Russo-Georgian War, 2014 Russia-Ukraine War +1 moreZIL-1316x6 general-purpose army truckBuilt: Zavod imeni Likhacheva / Soviet Union / RussiaThe ZIL-131 is a Soviet 6x6 general-purpose army truck produced by the Moscow Likhachev automobile plant and later associated production lines. It served as a cargo truck, tractor, tanker, communications vehicle, mine-laying chassis, gun-truck base, and launch-vehicle platform; visually documented losses in Georgia, Ukraine, and Nagorno-Karabakh make it a support-equipment entry with conflict-specific logistics and specialist-chassis context.
BMP-1KSh command vehicle, Tracked armored command post vehicle, Support Equipment2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ConflictBMP-1KSh command vehicleTracked armored command post vehicleBuilt: Rubtsovsk Machine-Building Plant / Soviet UnionThe BMP-1KSh is a Soviet BMP-1-based command-and-staff vehicle that replaces the infantry carrier's standard turret weapon with a fixed command-post fit, a telescopic mast, multiple radios, navigation equipment, generators, and antenna systems. Open-source loss documentation ties the vehicle to Armenian command equipment captured in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and to Russian and Ukrainian command-and-communications losses in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
Tanks

Category

Heavy armor built around direct fire, protection, and battlefield shock.

1/1
T-72, Main battle tank, Tanks2014 Russia-Ukraine War, 2011 Syrian Civil War +7 moreT-72Main battle tankBuilt: Uralvagonzavod / Various manufacturers / Soviet Union / Russia / licensed producersThe T-72 is a Soviet main battle tank family built around a three-person crew, an autoloaded 125 mm gun, and a compact tracked chassis that entered Soviet service in 1974. Its long production run, licensed derivatives, and post-Soviet stockpiles made it a recurring armored vehicle in Iraq, Chechnya, Georgia, Syria, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh, and the Russia-Ukraine War.