The Tor-M2 is a Russian short-range, self-propelled surface-to-air missile system built to protect maneuver forces and fixed sites from aircraft, helicopters, drones, guided missiles, and other precision weapons. The 9A331M designation identifies the tracked Tor-M2 launcher/radar vehicle in the 9K332 family, while 9A332 appears in Tor-M2 reference material for launcher/radar vehicle configurations and the 9A331MU/9K331MU Tor-M1-2U or Tor-M2U branch is a closely related Russian-service upgrade usually handled inside the same Tor-M2 family boundary. In conflict records it appears as Russian mobile front-line air defense in Ukraine and as Armenian Tor-M2KM coverage during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
Russian forces field Tor-M2-family vehicles as mobile short-range air defense in Ukraine; open-source loss records document 9A331M launchers for the 9K332 Tor-M2 and a 9A331MU launcher for the 9K331MU Tor-M1-2U/Tor-M2U, while Ukrainian reporting described strikes on Russian Tor-M2 systems protecting occupied Zaporizhzhia.
Role detailsArmenian/Artsakh forces used Tor-M2KM air defenses during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war; CSIS assessed that Armenia's Buk and Tor-M2KM systems likely downed some Azerbaijani drones but were late, limited, and vulnerable, while Oryx documented two Armenian Tor-M2KM systems destroyed by loitering munitions.
The 9A331M is treated here as the tracked Tor-M2 launcher/radar vehicle inside the broader 9K332 Tor-M2 family, not as a separate missile or a separate non-Tor system. The 9A332 TELAR/TLAR designation is retained as a Tor-M2 launcher/radar alias because specialist Tor-M2 battery references list 9A332 transporter-launcher-and-radar components under the 9K332 family. The rarer 9A331MU/9K331MU Tor-M1-2U or Tor-M2U launcher designation is also kept inside this family page because public conflict, procurement, and reference sources identify it as a Tor-family Russian-service upgrade rather than a separate weapon class.
This page covers 9A331M/Tor-M2 vehicles, 9A332 launcher/radar references, 9A331MU/Tor-M2U references, and later Tor-M2 export or modular branches. The earlier 9A331 Tor-M1 TLAR page handles the 9K331 Tor-M1 launcher named separately in loss records.
Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine; Kupol 9K330/9K331/9K332 Tor M/M1/M2; Tor-M2U Chassis Procurement; TOR-M2U 9A331 9M331; Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet).
Rosoboronexport groups Tor-M2E, Tor-M2K, and Tor-M2KM as related short-range air-defense missile system modifications, distinguishing tracked, wheeled, and modular fits.
Source: "Tor-M2E" ADMS.
The Tor-M2 page covers the modern Tor family rather than one chassis only: export literature separates tracked, wheeled, modular, Arctic, and later export configurations.
| Variant | Configuration | Designation notes |
|---|---|---|
| 9A331M Tor-M2 | Tracked launcher/radar vehicle | Open-source loss documentation identifies Russian 9A331M TLARs as launchers for the 9K332 Tor-M2, separating them from older 9A331 Tor-M1 vehicles. Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine, Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
| 9A332 Tor-M2 | Tor-M2 launcher/radar designation | Air Power Australia's Tor technical report lists 9A332 transporter-launcher-and-radar components under the 9K332 Tor-M2 battery structure, including wheeled MZKT and tracked GM references. Sources: Kupol 9K330/9K331/9K332 Tor M/M1/M2 |
| Tor-M2E | Tracked export variant | Rosoboronexport presents Tor-M2E as a self-propelled tracked short-range air-defense missile system with an eight-missile combat load. Sources: "Tor-M2E" ADMS |
| Tor-M2K | Wheeled export variant | Rosoboronexport lists Tor-M2K in the same export family as Tor-M2E and Tor-M2KM, distinguishing it from the tracked vehicle and modular package. Sources: "Tor-M2E" ADMS |
| Tor-M2KM | Modular variant | The modular Tor-M2KM package can be presented separately from a dedicated tracked or wheeled chassis and is attributed by Rosoboronexport to Almaz-Antey. Sources: "Tor-M2E" ADMS, Rosoboronexport to Showcase Latest Russian Defence Products at Partner 2025 |
| 9A331MU Tor-M2U / Tor-M1-2U | Upgraded tracked Tor-family launcher/radar vehicle | Oryx identifies a 9A331MU TLAR for the 9K331MU Tor-M1-2U/Tor-M2U in Russian losses, and Russian procurement reporting described GM-5955.15-01 chassis purchases for 9A331MU combat vehicles of the same 9K331MU system. Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine, Tor-M2U Chassis Procurement, TOR-M2U 9A331 9M331, Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
| Tor-M2DT | Arctic tracked variant | CSIS identifies Tor-M2DT as an Arctic version using a DT-30PM tracked chassis for northern mobility. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
| Tor-E2 | Later export configuration | CSIS treats Tor-E2 as a later Tor family export system with a sixteen-missile loadout. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
Adjacent catalog records separate the original Tor, Tor-M1, and Tor-M2 launcher branches because sources and battlefield loss records often identify the vehicle generation by designation.
| Compatible item | Item type | Compatibility evidence |
|---|---|---|
 | Original tracked launcher | The 9A330 page covers the original 9K330 Tor tracked launcher branch that preceded the Tor-M1 and Tor-M2 records. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
 | Tor-M1 tracked launcher | The 9A331 page covers the 9K331 Tor-M1 launcher branch; Oryx separates 9A331 Tor-M1 losses from 9A331M Tor-M2 losses in Ukraine. Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine, Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
CSIS traces public Tor-M2 family exposure to the 2007 MAKS air show, after earlier Tor-M1 and Tor-M2U development.
Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet)
CSIS lists Tor-M2 as entering Russian service in 2012, before later Arctic and export configurations widened the family.
Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet)
CSIS assessed that Armenian Tor-M2KM systems were deployed during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and likely downed some Azerbaijani drones despite limited numbers and late use.
Sources: The Air and Missile War in Nagorno-Karabakh
Oryx began documenting visually confirmed Russian Tor-M2 launcher losses during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
Ukrinform reported Ukrainian Special Operations Forces strikes on two Russian Tor-M2 systems in occupied Zaporizhzhia.
Sources: Special Operations Forces Strike Two Russian Tor-M2 Air Defense Systems in Zaporizhzhia Region
The Tor-M2 family keeps search radar, tracking radar, launch rails, and command-guided missiles in a short-range air-defense package, but the vehicle fit changes by variant.
| Configuration | Typical fit | Source-use note |
|---|---|---|
| 9A331M Tor-M2 | Tracked launcher/radar vehicle in the 9K332 family | The main battlefield loss designation for Russian Tor-M2 vehicles in Ukraine. |
| 9A332 Tor-M2 | Tor-M2 launcher/radar vehicle reference, including wheeled and tracked chassis notes | Retained as a search alias because specialist battery-structure references use 9A332 for Tor-M2 transporter-launcher-and-radar components. |
| 9A331MU Tor-M2U | Tracked 9K331MU/Tor-M1-2U upgrade branch | Oryx lists this rarer TLAR separately from 9A331M Tor-M2 losses, so the alias is retained for search and identification. |
| Tor-M2K | Wheeled export configuration | Useful when sources identify a road-mobile Tor-M2 family vehicle instead of the tracked chassis. |
| Tor-M2KM | Modular launcher and radar package | The variant named in Armenian 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh air-defense coverage. |
| Tor-E2 and later family | Sixteen-missile loadout in later export-family descriptions | Explains why source ranges sometimes differ between eight- and sixteen-missile Tor-M2 references. |
