The 9A331 Tor-M1 TLAR is the tracked combat vehicle for the 9K331 Tor-M1 short-range surface-to-air missile system. It packages surveillance radar, engagement radar, command-guided 9M331 missiles, and a GM-5955 tracked chassis into a self-contained air-defense vehicle, bridging the original 9A330 Tor branch and later Tor-M2 family systems.
Russian forces fielded 9A331 TLARs for the 9K331 Tor-M1 during the full-scale phase of the war; Oryx lists visually confirmed destroyed, damaged, abandoned-and-destroyed, and captured Russian 9A331 examples separately from later 9A331M Tor-M2 launchers.
Role detailsThe 9A331 is best read as the Tor-M1 combat vehicle rather than the missile alone. It carries the radar, launcher, crew stations, and ready missiles on one tracked vehicle, while the broader 9K331 system can include battery command and support elements.
This page covers the Tor-M1 TLAR branch. The older 9A330 Tor TLAR and newer Tor-M2 pages handle adjacent Tor-family branches.
Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet); SA-15 TOR-M1 9A331 SA-15 Gauntlet.
Army Recognition describes the Tor-M1 combat vehicle as an autonomous transporter, launcher, and radar unit with top-mounted acquisition radar, frontal tracking radar, and eight ready missiles.
Source: SA-15 TOR-M1 9A331 SA-15 Gauntlet.
Tor-M1 sits between the original 9K330/9A330 Tor branch and the later Tor-M2 family. Public references distinguish the 9K331/9A331 Tor-M1 vehicle, wheeled or stationary Tor-M1 derivatives, and the 9A331M/Tor-M2 modernization path.
| Variant | Configuration | Designation notes |
|---|---|---|
 | Original Tor launcher | The existing catalog record covers the original 9K330/9A330 branch that preceded Tor-M1's improved 9K331/9A331 configuration. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet), SA-15 TOR-M1 9A331 SA-15 Gauntlet |
| Tor-M1T | Wheeled or stationary Tor-M1 derivative | Army Recognition lists Tor-M1T and stationary systems as modifications within the Tor-M1 family. Sources: SA-15 TOR-M1 9A331 SA-15 Gauntlet |
| Tor-M1-2U | Late M1-family Russian-service upgrade | CSIS describes Tor-M1-2U as the latest M1-family variant in Russian service, with higher engagement altitude, a three-person crew, and four-target engagement capability. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
 | Modern Tor-family successor | The catalog's Tor-M2 record covers the 9K332/Tor-M2 family, including tracked, wheeled, modular, Arctic, and later export configurations. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
The catalog separates the original Tor, Tor-M1, and Tor-M2 records so conflict rows and imagery stay tied to the exact vehicle branch named in sources.
| Compatible item | Item type | Compatibility evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Predecessor launcher | The 9A330 page covers the original 9K330 Tor TLAR that preceded the 9A331 Tor-M1 vehicle. Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
| Successor family | The Tor-M2 page covers later 9K332/Tor-M2 launchers, including the 9A331M vehicles that Oryx lists separately from 9A331 Tor-M1 losses. Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine, Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet) |
CSIS lists the first Tor-family system as entering service before the Tor-M1 follow-on branch.
Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet)
Army Recognition identifies the 9K331 Tor-M1 branch as introduced with the 9M331 missile and improved ability to engage two targets simultaneously.
Sources: SA-15 TOR-M1 9A331 SA-15 Gauntlet
CSIS notes that Russia exhibited several Tor-M1 update paths from 2005 onward, including M1A, M1B, M1V, M1G, and M1-2U.
Sources: Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet)
Oryx's visually confirmed Russian equipment-loss list separates 9A331 TLARs for 9K331 Tor-M1 from later 9A331M TLARs for 9K332 Tor-M2.
Sources: Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine
