Artillería

2S1 Gvozdika

Also known as
  • Gvozdika
  • SO.122
  • M1974
  • 122 PSH 74
  • 2S1U
  • 2S1 Gozdzik

El 2S1 Gvozdika es un obús autopropulsado soviético de 122 mm sobre orugas, construido en torno al cañón 2A31 sobre un chasis blindado anfibio derivado de la familia MT-LB. En la guerra Rusia-Ucrania de 2014 sigue siendo un sistema de artillería común de corto a medio alcance para fuerzas rusas y ucranianas, combinando movilidad, fuego indirecto y amplia compatibilidad con munición de 122 mm.

2S1 Gvozdika, Obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas, Artillería
Image source: Ukrainian 2S1 Gvozdika SPG.jpg

Role in Conflicts

1979 Soviet-Afghan War
Fire Support
Side
Soviet Union and Afghan government forces

Usado por fuerzas soviéticas en Afganistán; la National Defence University of Ukraine describe baterías de 2S1 apoyando a un batallón mecanizado soviético cerca de Kandahar en enero de 1986.

2014 Russia-Ukraine War
Fire Support

Desplegado por fuerzas rusas y ucranianas como obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas; Oryx documenta visualmente pérdidas de 2S1 Gvozdika en ambos bandos, Reuters documentó fuego ucraniano en la región de Donetsk en agosto de 2025, y SIPRI registra transferencias de segunda mano de 2S1 a Ucrania durante la guerra más amplia.

Role details
Profile / Specs

Profile

Origin
Unión Soviética
Built in
Soviet Union
Type
Obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas
Service note
Diseño de la Guerra Fría en servicio moderno
Designer
Kharkiv Tractor Plant / OKB-9
Designed
Desarrollo en la década de 1960; aceptado para el servicio soviético en 1970
Produced
1971 hasta principios de la década de 1990
Number built
Más de 10.000 reportados por Army Recognition

Specifications

Dotación
4
Calibre
122 mm
Armamento principal
Obús estriado 2A31 de 122 mm
Peso en combate
15,7 t
Alcance máximo de tiro
15.200 m con munición estándar
Movilidad
60 km/h de velocidad en carretera, 4,5 km/h a flote, 500 km de autonomía en carretera
Motor
Motor diésel de 299 hp
Design And Service Cues

El 2S1 es útil de identificar tanto como vehículo como sistema de munición: el chasis le da movilidad sobre orugas y anfibia, mientras que el cañón 2A31 lo mantiene vinculado al ecosistema soviético de munición de obús de 122 mm.

Familia del cañón

El obús 2A31 de 122 mm usa referencias de munición de la familia D-30, enlazando el Gvozdika con el obús D-30 de 122 mm del catálogo y con los registros de cartuchos de 122 mm.

Indicio de movilidad

La movilidad blindada sobre orugas y las cifras publicadas de velocidad de natación separan al Gvozdika de los cañones remolcados de 122 mm en notas de uso en conflicto e imágenes del campo de batalla.

Amplitud de designaciones

Las referencias finlandesas 122 PSH 74, la 2S1U vinculada a Ucrania y la rusa 2S34 Hosta se tratan como designaciones de servicio o conversiones más profundas, no como páginas de arma separadas automáticas.

Sources: 122 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer Gvozdika; D-30 / 2S1 lineage; Finnish Army 122 PSH 74; Army Recognition 2S34 Hosta.

Variants

La designación básica 2S1 cubre la familia soviética de obuses autopropulsados de 122 mm, mientras que los nombres de exportación y modernización suelen reflejar designaciones nacionales de servicio, paquetes de control de tiro o conversiones más profundas del chasis.

VariantConfigurationDesignation notes
2S34 Chosta, 120 mm tracked self-propelled gun-mortar, Artillery2S34 HostaConversión rusa de 120 mm

El 2S34 Hosta/Chosta está documentado como una modernización rusa del chasis 2S1 Gvozdika, que sustituye el obús original 2A31 de 122 mm por un cañón-mortero 2A80-1 de 120 mm.

Sources: Army Recognition 2S34 Hosta

122 PSH 74Designación de servicio finlandesa

Las Finnish Defence Forces identifican el 122 PSH 74 como un obús blindado sobre orugas usado para apoyar grupos de combate mecanizados y motorizados.

Sources: Finnish Army 122 PSH 74

2S1UDesignación vinculada a Ucrania

Los informes de OHCHR sobre proveedores de armas y equipo militar a Myanmar enumeran la designación de obús autopropulsado 2S1U en un contexto de apoyo a producción vinculado a Ucrania.

Sources: OHCHR Myanmar arms suppliers 2S1U

Munición disparada

El 2S1 usa munición de carga separada de la familia D-30 de 122 mm a través de su cañón 2A31, incluidas cargas estándar de alto explosivo y opciones de proyectiles guiados citadas por las fuentes.

AmmunitionAmmunition typeFiring evidence
122 mm artillery round, 122 mm artillery ammunition, Munitions122 mm artillery roundFamilia de munición de artillería de 122 mm

FAS describe el 2S1 como usuario de la familia de munición D-30, mientras que las filas enlazadas de proyectiles y cartuchos muestran municiones específicas de 122 mm documentadas para el cañón 2A31.

Sources: D-30 / 2S1 lineage, Worldwide Equipment Guide

3OF56 122 mm HE-Frag Projectile, 122 mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile, Munitions3OF56 122 mm HE-Frag ProjectileProyectil de fragmentación de alto explosivo de 122 mm

El Worldwide Equipment Guide enumera 3OF56 como peso de proyectil completo para el cañón 2A31 y lo incluye en la lista de munición 122 mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted del 2S1.

Sources: Worldwide Equipment Guide, 2S1 Gvozdika Ammunition - Mortar Investments

Cartridge 122 mm HE with full charge, 122 mm separate-loaded high-explosive cartridge, MunitionsCartridge 122 mm HE with full chargeCartucho de alto explosivo de 122 mm

STV Group afirma que el cartucho Nb 122 HE de carga completa está destinado a ser disparado desde obuses 2S1 y D30 de 122 mm.

Sources: Cartridge 122 mm HE with full charge - STV Group

Cartridge 122 mm HE with reduced charge, 122 mm separate-loaded HE artillery cartridge, MunitionsCartridge 122 mm HE with reduced chargeCartucho de alto explosivo de 122 mm

STV Group afirma que el cartucho Nb 122 HE de carga reducida está destinado a ser disparado desde obuses 2S1 y D30 de 122 mm.

Sources: Cartridge 122 mm HE with reduced charge - STV Group

Kitolov-2M, 122 mm semi-active laser-guided artillery projectile, MunitionsKitolov-2MProyectil de 122 mm guiado por láser semiactivo

FAS enumera Kitolov-2M en la familia de munición D-30/2S1, lo que lo convierte en una referencia de proyectil guiado pertinente para el linaje del cañón de 122 mm del 2S1.

Sources: D-30 / 2S1 lineage

Las referencias de munición de fuentes abiertas vinculan el 3OF56 con el cañón 2A31 del 2S1 Gvozdika y sitúan la familia más amplia de munición de 122 mm junto a los cañones de la familia D-30.

Sources: Worldwide Equipment Guide, 2S1 Gvozdika Ammunition - Mortar Investments, D-30 / 2S1 lineage

Timeline

2S1 Gvozdika Key Events

  1. Comienza el trabajo de desarrollo

    La National Defence University of Ukraine sitúa el trabajo inicial de desarrollo del 2S1 Gvozdika a finales de la década de 1960, antes de su aceptación soviética.

    Sources: 122 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer Gvozdika

  2. Aceptado para el servicio soviético

    La misma referencia universitaria ucraniana afirma que el sistema fue adoptado para el servicio soviético en 1970.

    Sources: 122 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer Gvozdika

  3. Documentado en Afganistán

    El relato de la universidad ucraniana describe baterías de 2S1 apoyando a un batallón mecanizado soviético en la zona de Kandahar durante la Soviet-Afghan War.

    Sources: 122 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer Gvozdika

  4. Ejemplares iraquíes fotografiados después de Desert Storm

    Imágenes del U.S. Army identifican un 2S1 de la Iraqi Republican Guard abandonado en la carretera Kuwait-Basora durante la Gulf War.

    Sources: Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika Desert Storm image

  5. Se amplían las transferencias de 2S1 de segunda mano a Ucrania

    Los datos del registro de transferencias de SIPRI consignan cañones autopropulsados 2S1 de 122 mm de segunda mano entregados a Ucrania desde Polonia en 2022-2023, con entregas posteriores reportadas desde Finlandia y Bulgaria marcadas como inciertas.

    Sources: SIPRI Arms Transfers Database transfer register: 2S1 122mm to Ukraine

  6. Transferencias a Ucrania apoyadas por Dinamarca reportadas

    Army Recognition informó de transferencias de 2S1 Gvozdika a Ucrania respaldadas por Dinamarca, y el resumen del Danish Ministry of Defence sobre apoyo a Ucrania enumera sistemas de artillería 2S1 entre las donaciones de artillería.

    Sources: Danish Military Support for Ukraine, Denmark Strengthens Ukraine's Artillery with a Discreet Delivery of 2S1 Gvozdika Self-Propelled Howitzers

Media

2S1 Gvozdika Videos

2S1 Gvozdika Images

2S1 Gvozdika, Obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas, Artillería - view 1
Source: Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika Desert Storm image
2S1 Gvozdika, Obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas, Artillería - view 2
Source: Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika Desert Storm image
2S1 Gvozdika, Obús autopropulsado de 122 mm sobre orugas, Artillería - view 3
Source: Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika Desert Storm image
Related Weapon Systems
122 mm artillery round, 122 mm artillery ammunition, MunitionsMunitions122 mm artillery round122 mm artillery ammunitionThe 122 mm artillery round is a family-level label for Soviet-origin medium-caliber artillery ammunition used by D-30-type towed howitzers and 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers. Manufacturer and military references describe separate-loading HE projectiles with full or reduced propelling charges, while U.S. security-assistance reporting documents 122 mm artillery rounds among ammunition committed to Ukraine and TWZ reporting describes a pair of 122 mm rounds as a standard AQ-400 Scythe payload.
3OF56 122 mm HE-Frag Projectile, 122 mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile, MunitionsMunitions3OF56 122 mm HE-Frag Projectile122 mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile3OF56 is a Soviet-era 122 mm high-explosive fragmentation artillery projectile for D-30/2A18-family guns and the 2A31 gun of the 2S1 Gvozdika. Public references do not describe the designation consistently: Fenix Insight identifies it as a nose-fuzed, boat-tailed, spin-stabilised HE-frag projectile, while U.S. WEG/FAS tables place a 3OF-56 complete projectile weight in a rocket-assisted ammunition row for the D-30A and 2S1.
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2S43 Malva, 152 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzer, ArtilleryArtillery2S43 Malva152 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzerThe 2S43 Malva is a Russian 152 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzer that places a 2A64 gun on a BAZ 8x8 chassis for faster road moves and lower operating demands than tracked turreted artillery. Developed through the Nabrosok wheeled-artillery program, it entered Russian deliveries in 2023 and has since been documented with Russian forces in Ukraine, including reconnaissance sightings, Ukrainian strike reports, and visually confirmed losses.
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2S34 Chosta, 120 mm tracked self-propelled gun-mortar, ArtilleryArtillery2S34 Chosta120 mm tracked self-propelled gun-mortarThe 2S34 Chosta is a Russian 120 mm tracked self-propelled gun-mortar that rebuilds the 2S1 Gvozdika chassis around the 2A80-1 weapon, an automatic loading system, and updated fire-control equipment. It gives Russian artillery units a compact turreted vehicle able to fire mortar-style high-angle missions, direct fire, and some guided 120 mm ammunition, but public reporting suggests only a small fleet reached service before examples appeared in Ukraine.

Sources

122 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer GvozdikaPublisher: National Defence University of Ukraine | Note: Supports manufacturer, service-entry, production, armament, crew, weight, range, mobility, 1979 Soviet-Afghan War use, and background context. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Finnish Army 122 PSH 74Publisher: Finnish Defence Forces | Note: Supports the Finnish 122 PSH 74 service designation and describes the type as tracked armoured howitzer support for mechanised and motorised battle groups. | Accessed: 2026-06-30OHCHR Myanmar arms suppliers 2S1UPublisher: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights | Note: Supports the 2S1U self-propelled howitzer designation in reporting on Ukrainian-linked production support to Myanmar's military. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Army Recognition 2S34 HostaPublisher: Army Recognition | Note: Supports the 2S34 Hosta as an evolution of the 2S1 Gvozdika chassis with the original 122 mm gun replaced by a 120 mm 2A80-1 mortar gun. | Accessed: 2026-06-30D-30 / 2S1 lineagePublisher: Federation of American Scientists | Note: Describes the D-30 family relation to the 2S1 Gvozdika and its ammunition family, including Kitolov-2M. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Gvozdika: The Soviet-Era Howitzer Used by Russia and Ukraine Against Each OtherPublisher: Forces News | Note: Supports direct 2014 Russia-Ukraine War use by both Russian and Ukrainian forces and basic system context. | Accessed: 2026-06-19Denmark Strengthens Ukraine's Artillery with a Discreet Delivery of 2S1 Gvozdika Self-Propelled HowitzersPublisher: Army Recognition | Note: Supports 2014 Russia-Ukraine War transfer context for 2S1 Gvozdika howitzers supplied to Ukraine and production-count background. | Accessed: 2026-06-19Danish Military Support for UkrainePublisher: Danish Ministry of Defence | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War: official Danish overview lists 2S1 artillery systems among artillery donations supplied to Ukraine. | Accessed: 2026-07-08SIPRI Arms Transfers Database transfer register: 2S1 122mm to UkrainePublisher: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War: transfer-register data generated on 2026-07-07 records second-hand 2S1 122mm self-propelled guns transferred to Ukraine, including Polish deliveries in 2022-2023 and later uncertain Finnish and Bulgarian deliveries after Russia's 2022 invasion. | Accessed: 2026-07-08Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of UkrainePublisher: Oryx | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War: visually documents Russian 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika losses during the full-scale invasion, supporting Russian fielding in the conflict. | Accessed: 2026-07-08Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of UkrainePublisher: Oryx | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War: visually documents Ukrainian 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika losses during the full-scale invasion, supporting Ukrainian fielding in the conflict. | Accessed: 2026-07-08Ukrainian servicemen camouflage a 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer after firing towards Russian troopsPublisher: Reuters | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War: Reuters caption documents Ukrainian 30th Mechanized Brigade servicemen camouflaging a 2S1 Gvozdika after firing toward Russian positions in Donetsk region on 2025-08-13. | Accessed: 2026-07-08The Fight For Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses On The Sides Of Armenia And AzerbaijanPublisher: Oryx | Note: Supports 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict use: 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers were fielded by Armenian/Artsakh forces and documented among destroyed or captured equipment. | Accessed: 2026-06-20Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika Desert Storm imagePublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: 1990 Gulf War: image provenance for a U.S. Army photograph identifying an abandoned Iraqi Republican Guard 2S1 Gvozdika on the Kuwait-Basra highway during Operation Desert Storm. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Restoration Of Equipment Losses During The First Chechen WarPublisher: Oryx | Note: 1994 First Chechen War: documents 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers among Russian equipment losses. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Vehicles And Equipment Captured By Islamic State Inside Syria Until November 2014Publisher: Oryx | Note: 2011 Syrian Civil War: documents 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers among captured equipment inside Syria. | Accessed: 2026-06-30A 3-Day SMO Done Right: The 2024 Syrian Opposition OffensivesPublisher: Oryx | Note: 2011 Syrian Civil War: documents 2S1 Gvozdika losses and captures during the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives. | Accessed: 2026-06-30Disaster at Tarhuna: When Haftar Lost Another Stronghold In Crushing Defeat To The GNAPublisher: Oryx | Note: 2014 Second Libyan Civil War: captured from the LNA at Tarhuna; Oryx listed one 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika SPG among the LNA's abandoned equipment after the GNA takeover. | Accessed: 2026-06-21During the night, the enemy was inflicted fire strikesPublisher: Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan | Note: Supports 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict use: Azerbaijan reported 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers used by Armenian forces were destroyed or disabled during the 2020 fighting. | Accessed: 2026-06-20Yemen On Precipice of Its First Armed Conflict Since 2018: Assessment of ForcesPublisher: Defense Express | Note: 2014 Yemen Civil War: fielded by Yemeni government forces; the article lists 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers among heavy weapons operated by government forces. | Accessed: 2026-06-20From Conflict To Conflict: Sudan's Fighting VehiclesPublisher: Oryx | Note: 2023 Sudan War: fielded by Sudanese forces; the inventory lists 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled artillery among Sudan's current fighting vehicles during the 2023 conflict context. | Accessed: 2026-06-22Worldwide Equipment GuidePublisher: TRADOC DCSINT Threat Support Directorate | Note: Supports the 2S1 Gvozdika's 2A31 ammunition list, including 122 mm Frag-HE Rocket Assisted ammunition and the 3OF-56 complete projectile weight of 21.76 kg. | Accessed: 2026-06-23The Forgotten War - Listing Equipment Losses In The 2023 2023 Sudan WarPublisher: Armada Rotta | Note: 2023 Sudan War: used by Sudanese government forces and captured by RSF-linked opposition forces; the loss list records 122 mm 2S1 Gvozdikas destroyed, abandoned, and captured during the 2023 2023 Sudan War. | Accessed: 2026-06-22Ukrainian 2S1 Gvozdika SPG.jpgPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Supports primary image provenance for a Ukrainian 2S1 Gvozdika photographed during a 2008 parade in Kyiv. | Accessed: 2026-06-19Soldiers prepare for Strike Back 19 finalePublisher: DVIDS | Note: Supports image provenance for a public-domain U.S. Army photo of a Bulgarian Land Forces 2S1 Gvozdika firing during Strike Back 19. | Accessed: 2026-07-02NATO Allies synchronize capabilities during CALFEXPublisher: DVIDS | Note: Supports image provenance for a public-domain U.S. Army photo of Polish 2S1 122 mm self-propelled howitzers maneuvering during a combined-arms live-fire exercise. | Accessed: 2026-07-022S1 Gvozdika Ammunition - Mortar InvestmentsPublisher: Mortar Investments | Note: Supports the 2S1 Gvozdika's 2A31 gun ammunition list, including 3OF56 and 3OF56-1 high-explosive fragmentation shells and their 690 m/s muzzle velocity. | Accessed: 2026-06-23Cartridge 122 mm HE with full charge - STV GroupPublisher: STV Group | Note: Supports the full-charge Nb 122 HE cartridge designation, its 2S1 and D30 compatibility, the Czech manufacturer context, and the published technical data. | Accessed: 2026-06-23Cartridge 122 mm HE with reduced charge - STV GroupPublisher: STV Group | Note: Supports the reduced-charge Nb 122 HE cartridge designation, its 2S1 and D30 compatibility, the Czech manufacturer context, and the published technical data. | Accessed: 2026-06-23