Conflict catalog

2025 India-Pakistan Conflict: Weapons and Equipment

A brief India-Pakistan armed crisis involving missile, air, drone, air-defense, and cross-border fire after the April 2025 Pahalgam attack.

The 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict was a four-day interstate clash that began when India launched Operation Sindoor on May 7, 2025, after the April 22 Pahalgam attack in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan denied India's accusations and answered with cross-border fire, drone activity, air operations, and Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos on May 10. The crisis centered on Kashmir and military sites across northern and western India and Pakistan, with drones, stand-off weapons, air defense, electronic warfare, and competing official narratives shaping the equipment record before a May 10 ceasefire understanding.

This catalog tracks weapon systems directly documented in the May 2025 India-Pakistan fighting.

Entries focus on source-backed equipment use, claims, counterclaims, and air-defense evidence from a brief but high-intensity crisis between India and Pakistan.

42 weapon systems

Conflict Actors

India / Pakistan

India

29 weapon systems in this catalog

Pakistan

13 weapon systems in this catalog
  • Pakistan

Context

Status
Published catalog
Location
Kashmir, the Line of Control, and military sites in India and Pakistan
Countries
India, Pakistan
Regions
Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Sindh, Pakistani Punjab
Domains
air, missile strikes, UAV, air defense, electronic warfare, border clashes, land

This conflict catalog is centered on direct evidence for air-defense systems, drones, loitering munitions, stand-off missiles, aircraft, and long-range fires. Official Indian and Pakistani claims diverge sharply, and independent assessments repeatedly caution that some aircraft-loss, missile-intercept, radar-damage, and strike-effect claims remain disputed or only partly corroborated by public imagery. Weapon entries should therefore attach only system-specific conflict-use sources, not broad claims that a category of equipment was present.

Map

Kashmir, the Line of Control, and military sites in India and Pakistan

Open map

Map data from OpenStreetMap contributors.

Timeline

Key Events

  1. Pahalgam attack triggers crisis

    Gunmen killed civilians at Pahalgam in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India attributed the attack to Pakistan-linked militants; Pakistan denied responsibility and called for an impartial investigation.

    Sources: MEA Operation Sindoor May 7 Briefing, Pakistan Recent Developments and Ceasefire

  2. India launches Operation Sindoor

    India announced strikes on what it described as terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, framing the operation as measured, proportionate, and non-escalatory.

    Sources: MEA Operation Sindoor May 7 Briefing, PIB Operation Sindoor Initial Release

  3. Drone and air-defense exchanges expand

    India and Pakistan entered a sequence of drone, air-defense, and cross-border exchanges. Independent analysis describes disputed narratives, Pakistani claims of Indian drone losses, and Indian claims of calibrated counterstrikes against Pakistani air-defense sites.

    Sources: IISS Drone and Missile Conflict, Stimson Four Days in May

  4. Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos

    Pakistan said it launched Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos in self-defense after Indian attacks. Indian and independent accounts describe the same period as involving missiles, drones, air-defense activity, and strikes or attempted strikes on military sites.

    Sources: Pakistan MOFA May 16 Briefing, Stimson Four Days in May

  5. Ceasefire understanding announced

    India and Pakistan reached a ceasefire understanding on May 10 after intense diplomatic contact and military-channel communication. Both sides later accused the other of violations, but the major four-day escalation ended.

    Sources: AP Ceasefire and Violations, Pakistan Recent Developments and Ceasefire, Stimson Four Days in May

Phases

Apr 22, 2025 - May 6, 2025

Pahalgam aftermath and crisis buildup

The Pahalgam attack, Indian diplomatic and security responses, Pakistani denials, and international concern created the immediate prewar crisis context before cross-border strikes began.

May 7, 2025 - May 8, 2025

Operation Sindoor and initial exchanges

India opened Operation Sindoor with strikes it said targeted terrorist infrastructure, while Pakistan reported casualties and denied India's framing; the confrontation quickly moved into drone, air-defense, and cross-border exchanges.

May 8, 2025 - May 10, 2025

Drone, missile, and air-defense escalation

The fighting expanded into a dense exchange of drones, loitering munitions, air-defense engagements, missiles, electronic-warfare claims, and strikes or attempted strikes against military infrastructure.

May 10, 2025 - May 10, 2025

Ceasefire and contested aftermath

A ceasefire understanding stopped the main escalation, although immediate violation claims and competing public narratives left many operational details disputed.

External Support

The conflict was fought by Indian and Pakistani forces, but the equipment context reflects outside supplier networks: Indian inventories include Russian, French, Israeli, Polish, and domestic systems, while Pakistani inventories include Chinese and domestic systems. IISS and Stimson analysis highlight the importance of Chinese-origin aircraft, missiles, and air-defense context on the Pakistani side, while Indian official and Carnegie accounts emphasize layered Indian air defense, counter-drone systems, and domestic command-and-control or air-defense integration. These supplier links are background context and should not be treated as direct third-party belligerency without separate sourcing.

Images

Map of the disputed Kashmir region between India and Pakistan
Public-domain map of the disputed Kashmir region, the geographic center of the 2025 India-Pakistan crisis.Central Intelligence Agency via Wikimedia Commons | Public domainSource: Central Intelligence Agency via Wikimedia Commons

Weapons

2025 India-Pakistan Conflict Weapon Systems

Category

Aircraft & UAVs

Crewed aircraft, drones, and loitering munitions.

8/15
Asisguard Songar, Armed multirotor unmanned combat aerial vehicle, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsAsisguard SongarArmed multirotor unmanned combat aerial vehicleSide: PakistanRole: Drone intrusion and air-defense probingBuilt: Asisguard / TurkeyThe Asisguard Songar is a Turkish armed multirotor UAV built around a portable ground-control station, real-time video and telemetry, autonomous or manual flight modes, and modular payloads. Asisguard lists 5.56 mm rifle, 2 x 40 mm grenade-launcher, 6x40 mm drum-type grenade-launcher, 3 x 81 mm mortar-gripper, and 8 x tear/smoke launcher configurations. In the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, Indian officials said preliminary forensic examination of recovered drone debris indicated Turkish Songar systems among a large Pakistani drone intrusion wave, although public independent imagery has remained limited.
Warmate, Loitering munition, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsWarmateLoitering munitionSide: IndiaRole: Loitering-munition strikes and air-defense probingBuilt: WB Electronics / WB Group / PolandWarmate is a Polish electric loitering munition from WB Electronics/WB Group designed as a portable reconnaissance-strike system with interchangeable warheads, autonomous flight modes, and dismounted or vehicle-mounted launch options. WB Group says the system entered Polish Army service in 2017 and continues in production for Polish and foreign users; conflict records include Ukrainian strikes against Russian air-defense and radar systems, Indian use in 2025, and caveated photographed wreckage in Libya.
YIHA-III, Loitering munition / one-way attack UAV, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsYIHA-IIILoitering munition / one-way attack UAVSide: PakistanRole: One-way attack UAV and loitering munition strikesBuilt: Baykar / National Aerospace Science and Technology Park / Turkey / PakistanYIHA-III is the reporting name for Baykar's Sivrisinek loitering munition, a catapult-launched one-way attack UAV associated with Baykar's work at Pakistan's National Aerospace Science and Technology Park. Baykar's 2026 product page describes UM and UMX configurations with relay-assisted communications, autonomous navigation, and a 20 kg warhead, while Reuters and Indian government reporting tied Yiha/YIHA-III drones to Pakistan's May 2025 drone exchanges with India.
IAI Harop, Long-range loitering munition, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsIAI HaropLong-range loitering munitionSide: IndiaRole: Loitering-munition strike against air-defense radarBuilt: Israel Aerospace Industries / IsraelThe IAI Harop is an Israeli long-range loitering munition that combines UAV-style search and surveillance with an expendable precision-strike role. Israel Aerospace Industries presents it as a second-generation electro-optical attack system launched from land or naval canisters, controlled by a remote human operator, and able to attack high-value targets from multiple dive angles. Direct public sourcing ties Harop to Azerbaijan's 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh campaign and India's 2025 Operation Sindoor.
Nagastra-1, Man-portable fixed-wing loitering munition, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsNagastra-1Man-portable fixed-wing loitering munitionSide: IndiaRole: Precision loitering munition strikeBuilt: Economic Explosives Limited / Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited / IndiaNagastra-1 is an Indian man-portable fixed-wing loitering munition developed for the Indian Army by Economic Explosives Limited, now tied publicly to Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited. It combines day-night surveillance, operator control, autonomous range, and a small high-explosive fragmentation warhead for precision strikes, while official Indian reporting identified Nagastra drones as used during Operation Sindoor in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict.
P-8 Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraft, Maritime patrol aircraft, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsP-8 Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraftMaritime patrol aircraftSide: IndiaRole: Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance supportBuilt: Boeing / United StatesThe Boeing P-8 Poseidon is a modified 737-800ERX-derived maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft built for anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue, intelligence collection, and broad-area maritime-domain awareness. Official sources tie the family to A-size sonobuoys, Mk 54 torpedoes, Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and national designations including P-8A, P-8I Neptune, and Poseidon MRA1; conflict reporting places P-8s in South China Sea air-intercept incidents, 2020 Iran-crisis surveillance, and Indian Navy Operation Sindoor ISR support.
IAI Heron UAV, Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV, Aircraft & UAVsAircraft & UAVsIAI Heron UAVMedium-altitude long-endurance UAVSide: IndiaRole: ISR and strike-documentation supportBuilt: Israel Aerospace Industries / IsraelThe IAI Heron is an Israeli medium-altitude long-endurance UAV family built for persistent ISR, target acquisition, maritime patrol, and multi-sensor surveillance missions. IAI describes Heron 1, known in Israeli service as Shoval, and Heron Mk II as SATCOM-capable MALE platforms with automatic taxi, takeoff, and landing, while conflict sourcing ties the family to Israeli operations in Gaza and Iran, Azerbaijani reconnaissance and targeting in Nagorno-Karabakh, and Indian Heron Mk II operations during Operation Sindoor.
7 remaining

Category

Air Defense

Systems that contest aircraft, missiles, helicopters, and drones.

8/10
Bofors 40 mm L/70, 40 mm towed anti-aircraft autocannon, Air DefenseAir DefenseBofors 40 mm L/7040 mm towed anti-aircraft autocannonSide: IndiaRole: Counter-drone air-defense gun in India's Operation Sindoor responseBuilt: BAE Systems Bofors / SwedenThe Bofors 40 mm L/70 is a Swedish postwar anti-aircraft autocannon developed by AB Bofors as a higher-velocity, faster-firing successor to the wartime 40 mm L/60 family. Its towed and naval variants remained in service through upgrades, with source-backed modern use including Lithuanian-supplied guns in Ukrainian air defense and Indian upgraded L/70 guns used as a short-range counter-drone layer during the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict.
S-400 Triumf, Long-range mobile surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseS-400 TriumfLong-range mobile surface-to-air missile systemSide: IndiaRole: Long-range air and missile defenseBuilt: Almaz-Antey / RussiaThe S-400 Triumf, NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler, is a Russian road-mobile long-range air defense system built around networked command, search radar, engagement radar, and transporter-erector-launchers. It uses multiple interceptor families for layered engagements against aircraft, UAVs, cruise missiles, and selected ballistic missile threats, and Russian S-400 batteries in occupied Crimea have been recurring targets in Ukraine's campaign against Russian air defenses.
HQ-9, Long-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseHQ-9Long-range surface-to-air missile systemSide: PakistanRole: Long-range air defenseBuilt: China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation / ChinaThe HQ-9 is a Chinese road-mobile long-range surface-to-air missile family associated with CASIC and CPMIEC export marketing. Four-canister 8x8 launchers, HT-233-family fire-control radars, naval HHQ-9 and FD-2000 export designations make it a layered air-defense system rather than a single missile round; public conflict coverage now centers on Chinese island deployments in the South China Sea and Pakistan's HQ-9/P/HQ-9BE layer in the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict.
LLAD guns, Low-level air-defense gun layer, Air DefenseAir DefenseLLAD gunsLow-level air-defense gun layerSide: IndiaRole: Point air defense against drones and loitering munitionsBuilt: Various manufacturers / BAE Systems Bofors / Bharat Electronics Limited / Soviet state arsenals / Russian defense industry / Multiple, including Sweden, the Soviet Union/Russia, and IndiaLLAD guns are India's low-level air-defense gun layer, built around modernized 40 mm L/70 batteries and 23 mm twin-barrel mounts for point defense against low-flying aircraft, drones, and loitering munitions. During the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, Indian official reporting placed them inside Operation Sindoor's layered air-defense network alongside MANPADS and longer-range surface-to-air missiles.
Igla, Man-portable infrared-homing surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseIglaMan-portable infrared-homing surface-to-air missile systemSide: IndiaRole: Point air defense against dronesBuilt: KB Mashinostroyeniya / Soviet Union / RussiaThe Igla family is a Soviet/Russian shoulder-fired MANPADS built to give small air-defense teams a mobile, infrared-guided weapon against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, drones, and cruise missiles. Documented conflict use and fielding spans Ukrainian mobile air-defense teams, PKK use against a Turkish AH-1W helicopter, Syrian armed-group inventories, RSF fielding in Sudan, and Indian Army Igla-S teams reported in Operation Sindoor coverage.
Barak-8, Medium- to long-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseBarak-8Medium- to long-range surface-to-air missile systemSide: IndiaRole: Ballistic-missile interceptionBuilt: Israel Aerospace Industries / Rafael Advanced Defense Systems / Defence Research and Development Organisation / Bharat Dynamics Limited / Bharat Electronics Limited / Tata Advanced Systems / Indian industry partners / Israel / IndiaBarak-8, including India's MRSAM and LR-SAM configurations and IAI's later Barak MX family, is an Israeli-Indian air and missile-defense system for naval and land launchers. The cataloged conflict record centers on reported Azerbaijani Barak-8 use in Nagorno-Karabakh, an Indian Air Force Barak-8 interception during Operation Sindoor, and Israeli Barak-family interceptions during the 2025 Israel-Iran conflict.
HQ-16 / LY-80, Medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseHQ-16 / LY-80Medium-range surface-to-air missile systemSide: PakistanRole: Medium-range air-defense coverageBuilt: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation / Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology / ChinaThe HQ-16, exported as the LY-80 family, is a Chinese medium-range surface-to-air missile system spanning road-mobile land batteries and the ship-launched HHQ-16 branch. It fills the layer between short-range point defenses and long-range strategic SAMs, with six-canister land launchers, radar and command vehicles, and a naval VLS fit on Type 054A-family frigates. In the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, Indian government and Indian press reporting identified Pakistan as relying on imported HQ-16 systems during Operation Sindoor, making it a documented part of Pakistan's contested air-defense picture.
Akash, Mobile short-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseAkashMobile short-range surface-to-air missile systemSide: IndiaRole: Layered air defense against drones and missilesBuilt: Bharat Dynamics Limited / Bharat Electronics Limited / IndiaAkash is an Indian mobile surface-to-air missile system developed for point and area air defense of vulnerable sites and forces. During Operation Sindoor in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, Indian official reporting identified Akash among the indigenous air-defense systems used in the layered network that countered Pakistani drone and missile attacks.
2 remaining

Category

Artillery

Tube artillery, rocket artillery, and long-range ground fires.

5/5
Indian Field Gun, 105 mm towed field gun family, ArtilleryArtilleryIndian Field Gun105 mm towed field gun familySide: IndiaRole: Western-front artillery firepowerBuilt: Field Gun Factory Kanpur / Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur / IndiaThe Indian Field Gun is an Indian 105 mm towed artillery family designed by ARDE to replace older 25-pounder guns and keep light fire support workable in mountain, plain, and desert terrain. The family includes the original IFG and lighter LFG, with Field Gun Factory Kanpur and Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur tied to production and support, and 2020s reporting still connecting the guns to border deployments, ceremonial salutes, and automatic-laying modernization.
155 mm FH77B Bofors howitzer, 155 mm towed howitzer, ArtilleryArtillery155 mm FH77B Bofors howitzer155 mm towed howitzerSide: IndiaRole: Line-of-Control artillery fire supportBuilt: BAE Systems Bofors / SwedenThe 155 mm FH77B Bofors howitzer is a Swedish towed artillery piece developed by Bofors from the FH77A family and widely known in India as the Bofors gun. The export B-model retained the FH77 family’s auxiliary power unit for short self-movement, but used a longer 39-caliber barrel, screw breech, bag charges, and NATO-standard 155 mm ammunition. India’s 410-gun procurement made the FH77B a long-lived part of Indian Army artillery, with direct source-backed use in the 1999 Kargil War and later Line of Control firing in 2019 and 2025.
Heavy-calibre weapons, Aggregate heavy artillery and mortar category, ArtilleryArtilleryHeavy-calibre weaponsAggregate heavy artillery and mortar categorySide: PakistanRole: Line of Control shelling and indirect firesBuilt: Various manufacturers / Multiple countriesHeavy-calibre weapons is a conservative aggregate entry for the mortars and heavy-calibre artillery publicly cited in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict. Indian Ministry of Defence reporting and Associated Press coverage describe Pakistani Line of Control shelling with mortars, artillery, and gunfire, but the public sources do not identify exact Pakistani gun or mortar models, so this record documents the sourced category rather than a specific weapon system.
Fatah-I / Fatah-1, Guided multiple launch rocket system, ArtilleryArtilleryFatah-I / Fatah-1Guided multiple launch rocket systemSide: PakistanRole: Precision-guided rocket strikes against Indian military targetsBuilt: National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) / Global Industrial & Defence Solutions / PakistanThe Fatah-I, also written Fatah-1, is a Pakistani guided multiple launch rocket system developed by NESCOM and marketed by GIDS for conventional precision fires. GIDS lists a range of at least 140 km, CEP under 50 m, and eight rockets per launcher, while Dawn reported Pakistan's first public test announcement in August 2021. In the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, Pakistani accounts and subsequent reporting identified Fatah-1 alongside Fatah-2 as part of Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos strikes against Indian military targets.
Fatah-II / Fatah-2, Surface-to-surface guided multiple launch rocket system, ArtilleryArtilleryFatah-II / Fatah-2Surface-to-surface guided multiple launch rocket systemSide: PakistanRole: Long-range conventional precision strike attemptBuilt: Global Industrial & Defence Solutions (GIDS) / NESCOM / PakistanFatah-II, also written Fatah-2, is a Pakistani surface-to-surface guided multiple launch rocket system developed by NESCOM and marketed by GIDS for long-range conventional precision fires. GIDS's current product page lists a 250 km range, 150 kg warhead, INS+GNSS guidance, and sub-10 m CEP, while earlier launch-era reporting cited 400 km and 365 kg claims. In the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict it was tied to Pakistan's Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos strike narrative and to a reported intercept near Sirsa.

Category

Munitions

Standalone missiles, bombs, rockets, torpedoes, and guided or unguided explosive payloads.

8/11
Fatah-I 301 mm guided rocket, 301 mm guided artillery rocket, MunitionsMunitionsFatah-I 301 mm guided rocket301 mm guided artillery rocketSide: PakistanRole: Long-range precision-guided rocket fireBuilt: Global Industrial & Defence Solutions (GIDS) / PakistanThe Fatah-I 301 mm guided rocket is a Pakistan-origin guided artillery rocket associated with the Fatah-I/Fatah-1 multiple-launch rocket system. GIDS lists Fatah-I with at least 140 km range, sub-50 m CEP, and eight rockets per launch vehicle, while Janes described a 2025 Fatah GMLRS display model with a four-round pod for 301 mm Fatah-I rockets. Pakistan state media reported Fatah-1 and Fatah-2 use in Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos during the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict.
SPICE 2000/Mk 84 guided-bomb configuration, Air-delivered precision-guided bomb, MunitionsMunitionsSPICE 2000/Mk 84 guided-bomb configurationAir-delivered precision-guided bombSide: IndiaRole: Stand-off precision strike bombBuilt: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems / IsraelThe SPICE 2000/Mk 84 guided-bomb configuration pairs Rafael's SPICE guidance kit with a 2,000-pound Mk 84-series bomb body to create a stand-off, electro-optically guided air-to-surface weapon. Sources tie the configuration to Indian Air Force strikes in 2019 and reported 2025 use, Israeli airstrikes in Gaza, and AP-documented Israeli use in Beirut during the 2023 Israel-Hezbollah Conflict.
SCALP-EG, Air-launched cruise missile, MunitionsMunitionsSCALP-EGAir-launched cruise missileSide: IndiaRole: Rafale-launched standoff deep strikeBuilt: MBDA / France / United KingdomSCALP-EG is the French-service member of the Storm Shadow/SCALP air-launched cruise-missile family, an MBDA deep-strike weapon built for pre-planned attacks on high-value fixed targets such as hardened facilities and key infrastructure. French aircraft used SCALP-EG in Libya, Iraq and the 2018 Syria strikes, Ukrainian Su-24 aircraft later carried it as a Western long-range precision-strike option, Indian Rafales were reported to have used SCALP during Operation Sindoor in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict, and the UK-France 2025 defence declaration tied new SCALP and Storm Shadow acquisition to production-line upgrades.
Crystal Maze, Air-launched standoff missile, MunitionsMunitionsCrystal MazeAir-launched standoff missileSide: IndiaRole: Standoff precision strike against fixed targetsBuilt: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems / IsraelCrystal Maze, also called Raptor, is Rafael's Indian-market derivative of the Popeye air-to-surface missile family. Open references describe it as a standoff missile with an 80 kg warhead, about 100 km range, and a reported unit cost of roughly US$2 million; reporting also links it to Mirage 2000 strike planning in Balakot and to Operation Sindoor strikes in 2025.
ROCKS, Air-launched standoff missile, MunitionsMunitionsROCKSAir-launched standoff missileSide: IndiaRole: Air-launched standoff precision strikeBuilt: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems / IsraelROCKS is a Rafael air-launched standoff missile that blends Popeye- and SPICE-derived guidance technology with a high-speed air-to-surface strike profile. Rafael markets it for defended, GPS-denied target sets, while Indian reporting identifies Crystal Maze 2 as ROCKS and says Indian aircraft used Crystal Maze-2 during Operation Sindoor in the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict.
PL-15 / PL-15E, Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile, MunitionsMunitionsPL-15 / PL-15EBeyond-visual-range air-to-air missileSide: PakistanRole: Beyond-visual-range air-to-air engagementBuilt: China Airborne Missile Academy / ChinaThe PL-15 is a Chinese active-radar beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile, with the PL-15E export version documented in Pakistani service during the 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict. Its long range, AESA seeker, data-link guidance, and recovered debris made it one of the most closely watched munitions from the May 2025 air battle, although the effects of individual missile shots remain contested in public sources.
Python-5 air-to-air missile, Fifth-generation dual-use air-to-air and air-defense missile, MunitionsMunitionsPython-5 air-to-air missileFifth-generation dual-use air-to-air and air-defense missileSide: IndiaRole: UnknownBuilt: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems / IsraelPython-5 is Rafael's fifth-generation dual-use air-to-air and air-defense missile, built around a dual-waveband imaging infrared seeker, lock-on-before-launch and lock-on-after-launch modes, and a full-sphere launch envelope. Public sources document Israeli F-16 use against Hezbollah UAVs in 2006 and Gaza-launched drones in 2021, while SPYDER batteries use Python-5 as the infrared-imaging interceptor alongside Derby-family radar-guided missiles.
HAMMER / AASM, Rocket-assisted air-to-ground precision-guided munition kit, MunitionsMunitionsHAMMER / AASMRocket-assisted air-to-ground precision-guided munition kitSide: IndiaRole: Rafale-launched precision strike munitionBuilt: Safran Electronics & Defense / FranceHAMMER, also known as AASM, is Safran's modular French smart air-to-surface weapon family, combining standard bomb bodies with guidance and range-extension kits for stand-off precision attack. The catalog tracks French Rafale use in Afghanistan, Libya, Mali, and 2014 Operation Inherent Resolve, Ukrainian wartime use of French-supplied AASM/HAMMER bombs, source-limited Indian reporting that identified HAMMER munitions on Indian Air Force Rafales during Operation Sindoor, and newer XLR and LIR development paths.
3 remaining

Category

Naval Systems

Warships, submarines, unmanned surface vessels, naval craft, and maritime combat systems.

1/1

Conflict Sources

Conflict-level sources are suitable for chronology, geography, phase summaries, and broad equipment-domain context. Operational outcomes remain disputed: Indian and Pakistani official statements conflict on responsibility, losses, strike effects, ceasefire violations, and several weapon-specific claims. Weapon entries must continue to use direct system-specific conflict-use sources before attaching a platform to this conflict.

  • MEA Operation Sindoor May 7 BriefingPublisher: Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India | Note: Official Indian statement supporting the Pahalgam-triggered rationale, India's attribution to Pakistan-linked militants, and India's framing of Operation Sindoor as measured, non-escalatory, proportionate, and focused on terrorist infrastructure. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • PIB Operation Sindoor Initial ReleasePublisher: Press Information Bureau, Government of India | Note: Official Indian release supporting the May 7 Operation Sindoor start and the claim that Indian armed forces struck targets in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • Pakistan Recent Developments and CeasefirePublisher: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan | Note: Official Pakistani statement supporting Pakistan's denial of India's allegations, Pakistan's narrative of Indian attacks during May 7-10, and Pakistan's acknowledgement of a ceasefire understanding. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • Pakistan MOFA May 16 BriefingPublisher: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan | Note: Official Pakistani briefing supporting Pakistan's statement that it launched Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos in the early hours of May 10, 2025. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • IISS Drone and Missile ConflictPublisher: International Institute for Strategic Studies | Note: Independent analysis supporting the characterization of the conflict as a four-day drone and missile escalation with differing and disputed Indian and Pakistani narratives. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • Stimson Four Days in MayPublisher: Stimson Center | Note: Independent crisis analysis supporting the May 7-10 chronology, drone and missile exchanges, air-defense context, escalation-control caveats, and the May 10 ceasefire sequence. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • Carnegie Military Lessons from Operation SindoorPublisher: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace | Note: Independent analysis supporting the equipment-context summary for drones, counter-drone systems, layered air defense, emergency procurement, and Indian modernization lessons. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • AP Ceasefire and ViolationsPublisher: Associated Press | Note: News report supporting the May 10 ceasefire agreement, U.S.-led diplomatic context, and immediate mutual violation accusations. | Accessed: 2026-06-21
  • Commons Kashmir MapPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Image licensing and provenance page for the Kashmir map, listed as public domain because it is a work of a United States Government employee. | Accessed: 2026-06-21