Munitions

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109)

Also known as
  • GBU-31 JDAM
  • GBU-31 Mk-84, BLU-109 JDAM
  • GBU-31 2,000-pound JDAM
  • GBU-31 Mk 84 JDAM
  • GBU-31 BLU-109 JDAM
  • GBU-31 Mk-84 JDAM
  • KMU-556
  • KMU-557

The GBU-31 JDAM is the 2,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munition configuration built around Boeing's GPS/INS tail kit and either a Mk 84-class general-purpose bomb body or a BLU-109 hard-target penetrator body. U.S. military and Federal Register sources distinguish the KMU-556 Mk 84 configuration from the KMU-557 BLU-109 configuration, while direct conflict-use reporting traces GBU-31/JDAM employment from Kosovo and Afghanistan to Iraq, Yemen, Operation Inherent Resolve, the Israel-Hamas war, and the 2025 Israel-Iran conflict.

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109), 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb configuration, Munitions
Image source: US Navy GBU-31 loading photo

Role in Conflicts

2025 Israel-Iran Conflict
Long-Range Strike
Side
Israel

During the 2025 Israel-Iran Conflict, OSMP's June 2025 collection included an Israeli air-delivered bomb entry dated June 13 and tentatively identified as BLU-109, GBU-31 JDAM, and JDAM kit.

Profile / Specs

Profile

Origin
United States
Built by
Boeing
Type
2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb configuration
Service note
Late 1990s-present
Designer
U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and Boeing predecessor McDonnell Douglas
Designed
JDAM development began in 1992.
Unit cost
About $22,000 per tail kit in fiscal 2007 dollars, excluding the bomb body.
Produced
Late 1990s-present

Specifications

Guidance
GPS-aided inertial navigation tail kit
Mk 84 configuration
KMU-556 tail kit for a 2,000-pound Mk 84-class GBU-31 bomb body
BLU-109 configuration
KMU-557 tail kit for a 2,000-pound BLU-109 GBU-31 penetrator bomb body
Payload class
2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAM family
Launch platforms
Fighter and bomber aircraft, including F-15-family carriage documented by Boeing
Accuracy
About 5 meters CEP or less in the most accurate GPS-aided mode
Range
Up to 15 miles
GBU-31(V)1/B dimensions
152.7 inches long, 2,036 pounds launch weight, 25-inch wingspan
GBU-31(V)3/B dimensions
148.6 inches long, 2,115 pounds launch weight, 25-inch wingspan
Delivery envelope
Low to high altitude release in dive, toss, loft, straight-and-level, on-axis, or off-axis delivery
Variants

GBU-31 is the 2,000-pound JDAM class. The Mk 84 general-purpose body and BLU-109 penetrator body are normally separated by the GBU-31(V)1/B and GBU-31(V)3/B designations.

VariantConfigurationDesignation notes
GBU-31(V)1 Joint Direct Attack Munition, 2,000-pound JDAM bomb, MunitionsGBU-31(V)1/BMk 84 / BLU-117 general-purpose bomb-body configuration

Federal Register source language identifies KMU-556 as the GBU-31 tail kit for a 2,000-pound Mk 84 bomb body; the Air Force fact sheet lists the GBU-31(V)1/B length and launch weight.

Sources: Federal Register JDAM Tail Kit Notice, Air Force JDAM Fact Sheet

GBU-31(V)3/B Joint Direct Attack Munition, 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided hard-target penetrator bomb, MunitionsGBU-31(V)3/BBLU-109 hard-target penetrator configuration

Federal Register source language identifies KMU-557 as the GBU-31 tail kit for a 2,000-pound BLU-109 bomb body; Air Force and Navy fact sheets identify BLU-109 as a GBU-31/JDAM payload path.

Sources: Federal Register JDAM Tail Kit Notice, Air Force JDAM Fact Sheet, Navy JDAM Fact File

Bomb Body Configurations

GBU-31 designation language separates the 2,000-pound JDAM family into general-purpose and penetrator bomb-body paths.

Compatible itemItem typeCompatibility evidence
Mk 84 Mod 4 2,000-pound unguided bomb, 2,000-pound unguided general-purpose bomb, MunitionsMk 84 Mod 4 2,000-pound unguided bomb2,000-pound general-purpose bomb body

Federal Register source language describes KMU-556 as the JDAM tail kit for a 2,000-pound Mk 84 bomb-body GBU-31 configuration.

Sources: Federal Register JDAM Tail Kit Notice

BLU-109 penetrator warhead, 2,000-pound hard-target penetrator warhead, MunitionsBLU-109 penetrator warhead2,000-pound hard-target penetrator body

Federal Register source language identifies KMU-557 as the JDAM tail kit for a 2,000-pound BLU-109 GBU-31 configuration; the Navy fact file identifies BLU-109 as the 2,000-pound hard-target-penetrator payload used in JDAM.

Sources: Federal Register JDAM Tail Kit Notice, Navy JDAM Fact File

Carrier Aircraft

Official and manufacturer sources document GBU-31 or JDAM carriage across several fighter and bomber platforms; the F-15 matrix explicitly lists the Mk 84 and BLU-109 GBU-31 configuration, while NAVAIR and U.S. Air Force sources document F-35 and B-2 carriage examples.

CarrierCarrier typeCarriage evidence
F-15 family fighter aircraft, Fighter aircraft family, Aircraft & UAVsF-15 family fighter aircraftMultirole fighter family

Boeing's Advanced F-15 weapons inventory lists the GBU-31 Mk-84 and BLU-109 JDAM configuration in the F-15 external carriage matrix.

Sources: Advanced F-15 Weapons Inventory

F-15E Strike Eagle, Dual-role strike fighter, Aircraft & UAVsF-15E Strike EagleStrike fighter

The Air Force JDAM fact sheet lists F-15E integration for the GBU-31/32/38 JDAM family.

Sources: Air Force JDAM Fact Sheet

B-1B Lancer, Long-range, multi-role supersonic bomber, Aircraft & UAVsB-1B LancerLong-range bomber

The Air Force B-1B fact sheet lists GBU-31 2,000-pound JDAMs in the bomber's precision-attack ordnance load.

Sources: B-1B Lancer GBU-31 load

B-2 Spirit, Low-observable strategic heavy bomber, Aircraft & UAVsB-2 SpiritStealth bomber

U.S. Air Force video documentation shows airmen loading GBU-31 and GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions into B-2 Spirit aircraft for a QUICKSINK maritime test.

Sources: B-2 Spirit loads JDAMs for maritime test

F-35 Lightning II, Fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter, Aircraft & UAVsF-35 Lightning IIStealth multirole fighter

NAVAIR reported F-35C test aircraft CF-2 ejecting a 2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAM from an internal weapons bay during pit-drop testing and later carrying external 2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAMs during final SDD flight-test work.

Sources: F-35C GBU-31 Pit Drop Testing, F-35 SDD Final Flight

F-16 Fighting Falcon, Multirole fighter aircraft, Aircraft & UAVsF-16 Fighting FalconMultirole fighter

The Air Force JDAM fact sheet lists F-16C/D integration for the GBU-31/32/38 JDAM family.

Sources: Air Force JDAM Fact Sheet

F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Carrier-capable multirole strike fighter, Aircraft & UAVsF/A-18E/F Super HornetCarrier-capable strike fighter

The Air Force JDAM fact sheet lists F/A-18E/F integration for the GBU-31/32/38 JDAM family.

Sources: Air Force JDAM Fact Sheet

Timeline

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109) Key Events

  1. JDAM development begins

    Air Force background material traces JDAM development to 1992, when the program set out to turn unguided bomb bodies into GPS/INS-guided weapons.

  2. Operational service

    The Air Force places JDAM's first operational service in 1999, before the family became a standard U.S. precision-guided bomb kit.

  3. Combat debut over Kosovo

    Air Force reporting says B-2 Spirits released more than 650 JDAMs during Operation Allied Force, marking the weapon's first combat use.

  4. Iraq urgent operational testing

    Air Force Test Center history describes urgent GBU-31 JDAM testing after Block 30 F-16 pilots reported release problems during combat missions over Iraq.

  5. Afghanistan airpower reports

    AFCENT daily reporting documented F-15E and B-1B GBU-31 JDAM strikes in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom.

  6. Mastaba market strike

    Human Rights Watch reported GBU-31 JDAM remnants at the March 2016 Mastaba market strike in northern Yemen.

  7. Operation Inherent Resolve assembly

    AFCENT reporting showed GBU-31(V)3 bomb assembly in Southwest Asia and said GBU-31 munitions built there had been used to support Operation Inherent Resolve.

  8. Israeli wartime loadouts

    The Aviationist identified Israeli F-16C sorties with GBU-31(V)1 JDAMs during the Israel-Hamas war and later reported F-35I close-air-support use of 2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAMs in Gaza.

  9. OSMP records BLU-109 GBU-31 JDAM in Israel-Iran collection

    OSMP entry 1450, part of its June 2025 Iran-Israel conflict collection, lists an Israeli air-delivered bomb as BLU-109, GBU-31 JDAM, and JDAM kit.

  10. Tail-kit designations restated

    A Federal Register arms-sales notice described KMU-556 as the tail kit for a 2,000-pound Mk 84 GBU-31 and KMU-557 as the tail kit for a 2,000-pound BLU-109 GBU-31.

Media

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109) Videos

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109) Images

GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109), 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb configuration, Munitions - view 1
Source: GBU-31 JDAM SVG
GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109), 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb configuration, Munitions - view 2
Source: GBU-31 MK-84 warhead diagram
GBU-31 JDAM (Mk 84 / BLU-109), 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb configuration, Munitions - view 3
Source: GBU-31 BLU-109 warhead diagram
Related Weapon Systems
GBU-31(V)3/B Joint Direct Attack Munition, 2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided hard-target penetrator bomb, MunitionsMunitionsGBU-31(V)3/B Joint Direct Attack Munition2,000-pound GPS/INS-guided hard-target penetrator bombThe GBU-31(V)3/B is the hard-target penetrator variant of the 2,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munition, pairing a Boeing JDAM GPS/INS tail kit with the BLU-109 penetrator bomb body. Official U.S. sources describe its GPS/INS guidance, 2,115-pound launch-weight configuration, and 15-mile range class, while open-source munition and aviation reporting connect the BLU-109 GBU-31 JDAM lane to Israeli operations during the 2025 Israel-Iran Conflict.
GBU-31(V)1 Joint Direct Attack Munition, 2,000-pound JDAM bomb, MunitionsMunitionsGBU-31(V)1 Joint Direct Attack Munition2,000-pound JDAM bombThe GBU-31(V)1/B Joint Direct Attack Munition is the Mk 84 general-purpose lane of the 2,000-pound JDAM family, combining Boeing's GPS/INS tail-control kit with a 2,000-pound-class bomb body. Official Air Force, Navy, Boeing, and security-assistance sources separate this KMU-556/Mk 84 configuration from BLU-109 penetrator GBU-31 variants, while direct records document exact or Mk 84-specific GBU-31 use in the 2011 Libya air campaign and the 2025 Israel-Iran Conflict.
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) guidance kit, GPS/INS guidance tail kit for free-fall bombs, MunitionsMunitionsJoint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) guidance kitGPS/INS guidance tail kit for free-fall bombsJoint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is Boeing's U.S.-origin GPS/INS tail-kit family for converting compatible Mk 80- and BLU-series free-fall bomb bodies into all-weather guided bombs. The family spans 500-, 1,000-, and 2,000-pound bomb-body classes, with standard GBU-31, GBU-32, and GBU-38 records separated from later Laser JDAM and JDAM-ER derivatives. Official Air Force and Navy records document JDAM's 1999 combat debut with NATO B-2 operations during Operation Allied Force.
GBU-32 1,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munition, 1,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb kit, MunitionsMunitionsGBU-32 1,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munition1,000-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb kitThe GBU-32 1,000-pound Joint Direct Attack Munition is Boeing's GPS/INS JDAM guidance kit applied to the Mk 83 or BLU-110 1,000-pound bomb-body class. JDAM is a conversion kit rather than a stand-alone bomb, and the GBU-32 sits in the middle of the JDAM family between 500-pound and 2,000-pound variants. Direct conflict-use sources connect the GBU-32 to U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and NATO-led coalition operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and 2014 Operation Inherent Resolve, while OHCHR reported suspected Israeli use of GBU-32 bombs in Gaza strikes during the 2023 Israel-Hamas War.
GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munition, 500-pound GPS/INS-guided bomb, MunitionsMunitionsGBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munition500-pound GPS/INS-guided bombGBU-38 Mk-82 JDAM is Boeing's 500-pound GPS/INS-guided Joint Direct Attack Munition, turning the Mk 82 bomb body into an all-weather precision air-to-surface weapon. U.S. Air Force sources list the GBU-38 at 92.6 inches long, 558 pounds at launch, a 14-inch wingspan, up to 15 miles range, and 5-meter-or-less CEP when GPS data is available, while combat reporting documents F-15E, F-16, B-1B, and MQ-9 employment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and 2014 Operation Inherent Resolve.
BLU-109 penetrator warhead, 2,000-pound hard-target penetrator warhead, MunitionsMunitionsBLU-109 penetrator warhead2,000-pound hard-target penetrator warheadThe BLU-109 is a U.S.-origin 2,000-pound hard-target penetrator warhead built around a thick forged-steel bomb body for defeating reinforced structures and buried targets. It appears as the bomb body inside guided weapons such as GBU-24 Paveway III and GBU-31 JDAM configurations, with source-backed conflict context ranging from Saudi-led coalition stocks in Yemen to Israeli JDAM-linked use and transfers in Gaza, Lebanon, and the 2025 Israel-Iran fighting.

Sources

Air Force JDAM Fact SheetPublisher: U.S. Air Force | Note: Supports GBU-31 background, Boeing contractor context, GPS/INS guidance, Mk 84 and BLU-109 payload classes, aircraft compatibility, accuracy, range, service date, and unit cost. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Navy JDAM Fact FilePublisher: U.S. Navy | Note: Supports JDAM background, GPS-aided INS guidance, GBU-31 payload context, BLU-109 hard-target-penetrator configuration, aircraft integration, and broad operational history in Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Air Force JDAM Combat UsePublisher: U.S. Air Force | Note: 1999 Kosovo War / Operation Allied Force direct-use source: B-2 Spirits released more than 650 JDAMs during the conflict, the weapon's first combat use. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Nov. 28 Airpower SummaryPublisher: U.S. Air Force | Note: 2001 War in Afghanistan direct-use source: F-15E and B-1B aircraft dropped GBU-31 JDAMs in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom close-air-support missions. | Accessed: 2026-07-02AFTC JDAM Urgent Operational Need TestingPublisher: Air Force Test Center | Note: 2003 Iraq War direct-use source: Block 30 F-16 pilots flying combat missions over Iraq were dropping GBU-31 JDAMs when urgent operational testing addressed a release problem. | Accessed: 2026-07-02MUNS Airmen generate explosive results in support of OIRPublisher: U.S. Air Forces Central | Note: Supports 2014 War Against the Islamic State direct conflict use under Operation Inherent Resolve: 2014 Operation Inherent Resolve direct-use source: AFCENT reporting shows GBU-31(V)3 assembly in Southwest Asia and states GBU-31 munitions built there were used to support Operation Inherent Resolve against ISIL. | Accessed: 2026-07-02IAF Aircraft Payloads in the Fight Against HamasPublisher: The Aviationist | Note: 2023 Israel-Hamas War direct-use source: GBU-31(V)1 JDAMs were fielded by Israel on F-16 combat sorties in Gaza. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Israeli F-35Is Providing Close Air Support in GazaPublisher: The Aviationist | Note: 2023 Israel-Hamas War direct-use source: 2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAMs were used by Israeli F-35I Adirs for close air support in Gaza. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Joint Direct Attack Munition Product CardPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports Boeing JDAM manufacturer context, tail-kit family background, guidance-kit role, compatibility, and release-envelope context. | Accessed: 2026-07-02National Museum JDAM Fact SheetPublisher: National Museum of the United States Air Force | Note: Supports JDAM background and the Mk 84 / BLU-109 bomb-body pairing behind the GBU-31 family. | Accessed: 2026-07-02Federal Register JDAM Tail Kit NoticePublisher: Federal Register | Note: Supports KMU-556 as the GBU-31 tail kit for a 2,000-pound Mk 84 bomb body and KMU-557 as the GBU-31 tail kit for a 2,000-pound BLU-109 bomb body. | Accessed: 2026-07-02HRW Mastaba market strike investigationPublisher: Human Rights Watch | Note: 2014 Yemen Civil War direct-use source: Human Rights Watch found remnants of a GBU-31 satellite-guided bomb made from a U.S.-supplied Mk 84 2,000-pound bomb and JDAM guidance kit at the March 2016 Mastaba market strike. | Accessed: 2026-07-02OSMP 1450 BLU-109 GBU-31 JDAMPublisher: Open Source Munitions Portal | Note: Supports the model identification for OSMP entry 1450: an Israeli air-delivered bomb dated June 13, 2025 and tentatively identified as BLU-109, GBU-31 JDAM, and JDAM kit. | Accessed: 2026-07-06OSMP Iran-Israel Conflict June 2025 CollectionPublisher: Open Source Munitions Portal | Note: 2025 Israel-Iran Conflict direct-use source: OSMP says the June 2025 Iran-Israel collection gathers images of munitions used by Iran and Israel, and it lists OSMP 1450 as an Israeli air-delivered bomb tagged BLU-109, GBU-31 JDAM, and JDAM kit. | Accessed: 2026-07-06Advanced F-15 Weapons InventoryPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports the F-15 external carriage matrix listing the GBU-31 Mk-84 and BLU-109 JDAM configuration. | Accessed: 2026-07-02B-1B Lancer GBU-31 loadPublisher: U.S. Air Force | Note: Supports the B-1B's carriage of GBU-31 2,000-pound JDAMs. | Accessed: 2026-07-02B-2 Spirit loads JDAMs for maritime testPublisher: DVIDS | Note: Supports B-2 carriage context by documenting U.S. Air Force personnel loading GBU-31 and GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions into B-2 Spirit aircraft for a QUICKSINK maritime test. | Accessed: 2026-07-02F-35C GBU-31 Pit Drop TestingPublisher: Naval Air Systems Command | Note: Supports F-35C internal-carriage testing by documenting a 2,000-pound inert GBU-31 JDAM pit drop from CF-2's internal weapons bay. | Accessed: 2026-07-02F-35 SDD Final FlightPublisher: Naval Air Systems Command | Note: Supports F-35C external-carriage context by documenting final SDD flight-test work with external 2,000-pound GBU-31 JDAMs. | Accessed: 2026-07-02GBU-31 JDAM SVGPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Wikimedia Commons file page for a CC BY-SA 3.0 self-published GBU-31 JDAM diagram. | Accessed: 2026-07-02US Navy GBU-31 loading photoPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Wikimedia Commons file page for a public-domain U.S. Navy GBU-31 loading photo. | Accessed: 2026-07-02GBU-31 MK-84 warhead diagramPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Wikimedia Commons file page for a public-domain U.S. Air Force GBU-31 Mk 84 warhead diagram. | Accessed: 2026-07-02GBU-31 BLU-109 warhead diagramPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Wikimedia Commons file page for a public-domain U.S. Air Force GBU-31 BLU-109 warhead diagram. | Accessed: 2026-07-02