Municiones

Misil de crucero antibuque

Also known as
  • misiles antibuque
  • misil antibuque
  • misil de crucero antibuque

Los misiles de crucero antibuque son armas guiadas de ataque a distancia diseñadas para atacar buques de guerra y embarcaciones de superficie de alto valor desde aeronaves, buques, submarinos y lanzadores costeros. La clase está documentada desde los ataques con Exocet en la Guerra de las Malvinas y los ataques marítimos de la Guerra de los Petroleros hasta el uso ucraniano del Neptune en el mar Negro, los lanzamientos iraquíes de Silkworm en la Guerra del Golfo de 1990, el ataque de Hezbollah con C-802 en 2006 y los lanzamientos hutíes durante la Crisis del mar Rojo de 2023.

Misil de crucero antibuque, Misil de crucero antibuque, Municiones
Image source: Harpoon missile launch aboard USS Shiloh

Role in Conflicts

Profile / Specs

Profile

Origin
Múltiples países
Type
Misil de crucero antibuque
Service note
Posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Designer
Múltiples oficinas de diseño
Designed
Desde la década de 1950 en adelante
Unit cost
Varía según la familia de misil y el operador
Produced
Década de 1950-presente
Number built
No divulgado públicamente

Specifications

Plataformas de lanzamiento
Buques de superficie, submarinos, aeronaves, baterías costeras y lanzadores móviles de defensa costera, según la familia de misil
Guiado
Los patrones comunes incluyen navegación inercial de medio curso, crucero a baja cota con radioaltímetro, guiado terminal por radar activo, actualizaciones inerciales asistidas por GPS o buscadores infrarrojos/pasivos, según el misil
Perfil de ataque
Muchas familias subsónicas usan vuelo rasante sobre el mar a baja cota, con maniobras terminales de vuelo rasante o ascenso y picado para reducir el tiempo de alerta
Conjunto de blancos
Buques de guerra, buques anfibios, buques mercantes y otros buques de superficie de alto valor
Ojivas representativas
Los ejemplos van desde la ojiva de 150 kg del Neptune hasta la clase de fragmentación por explosión de 500 libras del Harpoon Block II y la ojiva de 165 kg del AM39 Exocet
Alcances representativos
Los ejemplos públicos van desde decenas de kilómetros para armas lanzadas desde el aire más antiguas hasta aproximadamente 300 km para el Neptune base y alcances mayores para variantes más recientes
Design Pattern

Los misiles de crucero antibuque se definen menos por una sola célula que por un patrón repetido de ataque naval: lanzamiento a distancia, crucero a baja altitud hacia un blanco de superficie, adquisición terminal por el buscador y una ojiva dimensionada para inutilizar o hundir buques. Las fuentes públicas sobre Harpoon, Exocet y Neptune muestran que la misma clase abarca transporte en aeronaves, contenedores de buques de superficie, cápsulas para submarinos y lanzadores costeros móviles.

Flexibilidad de lanzamiento

Familias representativas pueden dispararse desde aeronaves, buques, submarinos o baterías costeras móviles, con cohetes aceleradores añadidos cuando el lanzamiento de superficie o sumergido los requiere.

Problema terminal

El vuelo rasante sobre el mar a baja cota y el guiado terminal por radar activo reducen el tiempo de reacción del buque e influyen en el diseño moderno de la defensa aérea naval.

Efecto en conflicto

Los ejemplos catalogados muestran que la clase se usa para denegación de flota, interdicción marítima y ataques contra buques de alto valor, no para apoyo cercano en el campo de batalla.

Fuentes: NAVAIR Harpoon; Boeing Harpoon Block II product card; EXOCET AM39; 360MC Neptune Missile System.

Variants

Esta página de familia agrupa los misiles de crucero antibuque por modo de lanzamiento y ejemplos representativos catalogados, en lugar de tratar cada línea nacional de misiles como una variante de un único diseño.

VariantConfigurationDesignation notes
AM39 Exocet, Air-launched anti-ship missile, MunitionsAM39 ExocetMiembro lanzado desde el aire de la familia Exocet

MBDA identifica el AM39 como la rama lanzada desde el aire de Exocet, y el catálogo registra su uso documentado en guerra por aeronaves.

Sources: EXOCET AM39

R-360 Neptune / Long Neptune, Truck-launched anti-ship and land-attack cruise missile, ArtilleryR-360 Neptune / Long NeptuneFamilia Neptune de defensa costera y ataque terrestre

Luch y fuentes oficiales ucranianas identifican al Neptune como un sistema antibuque costero lanzado desde camión que posteriormente se amplió a variantes de ataque de mayor alcance.

Sources: 360MC Neptune Missile System, Successful Tests of the Neptune Cruise Missile System Were Held

Harpoon, Anti-ship cruise missile family, MunitionsHarpoonFamilia estadounidense de misiles antibuque multiplataforma

NAVAIR describe el Harpoon como un sistema de misiles de crucero antibuque lanzado desde aeronaves, buques, submarinos y baterías de defensa costera.

Sources: Harpoon Missile

Aeronaves portadoras

Boeing describe el P-8 Poseidon como una aeronave multimisión de patrulla marítima que entrega misiles Harpoon en guerra antisuperficie.

CarrierCarrier typeCarriage evidence
P-8 Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraft, Maritime patrol aircraft, Aircraft & UAVsP-8 Poseidon maritime-patrol aircraftAeronave de patrulla marítima

Boeing dice que el P-8 Poseidon realiza guerra antisuperficie y entrega misiles Harpoon, lo que constituye evidencia explícita de que porta misiles de crucero antibuque.

Sources: Boeing P-8 Poseidon

P-3C Orion patrol aircraft, Maritime patrol aircraft, Aircraft & UAVsP-3C Orion patrol aircraftAeronave de patrulla marítima

NAVAIR enumera la función de guerra antisuperficie del P-3C Orion y opciones de armamento que incluyen misiles AGM-84 Harpoon.

Sources: NAVAIR P-3C Orion

Plataformas de lanzamiento navales

Las pruebas de armamento del Choe Hyon ofrecen a esta clase un ejemplo documentado de lanzamiento desde buque.

LauncherLauncher typeLaunch evidence
Choe Hyon destroyer, Guided-missile destroyer, Naval SystemsChoe Hyon destroyerDestructor de misiles guiados

USNI informó que el Choe Hyon lanzó misiles antibuque durante sus pruebas de armamento de abril de 2026.

Sources: USNI News: North Korea Test Launches Anti-ship, Cruise Missiles from First-in-class Destroyer

Timeline

Misil de crucero antibuque Key Events

  1. Harpoon entra en servicio en la Armada de EE. UU.

    NAVAIR registra el A/R/UGM-84 Harpoon como introducido por primera vez en 1977 como misil antibuque para toda la flota.

    Sources: NAVAIR Harpoon

  2. Ataque con Exocet contra el HMS Sheffield

    Aeronaves argentinas usaron misiles Exocet contra fuerzas navales británicas durante la Guerra de las Malvinas, incluido el ataque que dañó mortalmente al HMS Sheffield.

    Sources: British Ships Sunk and Damaged - Falklands War 1982, Loss of HMS Sheffield - Board of Inquiry

  3. Ataque con Neptune contra el Moskva

    Informes estadounidenses evaluaron que misiles antibuque ucranianos Neptune impactaron el crucero ruso Moskva antes de que el buque se hundiera en el mar Negro.

    Sources: Russian War Ship Moskva Sunk by Ukrainian Neptune Anti-Ship Missile, US Says, USNI News: Warship Moskva Analysis

  4. Lanzamiento hutí hacia el USS Laboon

    CENTCOM informó de un misil de crucero antibuque disparado desde Yemen controlado por los hutíes hacia el USS Laboon en el sur del mar Rojo.

    Sources: Houthis fire anti-ship cruise missile toward U.S. warship

  5. Informes sobre pruebas lanzadas desde el Choe Hyon

    USNI News informó que el destructor norcoreano Choe Hyon, primero de su clase, realizó lanzamientos de prueba de misiles antibuque durante pruebas de armamento.

    Sources: USNI News: North Korea Test Launches Anti-ship, Cruise Missiles from First-in-class Destroyer

Media

Misil de crucero antibuque Videos

Misil de crucero antibuque Images

Misil de crucero antibuque, Misil de crucero antibuque, Municiones - view 1
Source: Exocet launch image
Misil de crucero antibuque, Misil de crucero antibuque, Municiones - view 2
Source: Neptune cruise missile image
Related Weapon Systems
Mobile coastal launcher, Truck-mounted mobile coastal launcher for anti-ship cruise missiles, Naval SystemsNaval SystemsMobile coastal launcherTruck-mounted mobile coastal launcher for anti-ship cruise missilesThe Houthi mobile coastal launcher is a road-mobile shore-launch arrangement for anti-ship cruise missiles, built around recovered Yemeni C.801 launch equipment, trucks, and surface-search radars. It links the Al-Mandab-1/C-801 family to 2014 Yemen Civil War coastal defense and later appears in 2023 Red Sea Crisis reporting as Houthi truck-mounted anti-ship missiles and launchers threatened shipping from Houthi-controlled Yemen.
Anti-aircraft missiles, Ship-launched surface-to-air missile, MunitionsMunitionsAnti-aircraft missilesShip-launched surface-to-air missileShip-launched surface-to-air missiles documented in the Choe Hyon destroyer's air-defense fit. CSIS identifies the destroyer's air-defense system as Russian Pantsir-M and reports anti-aircraft missile launches during the 28 April 2025 test activity, while Naval News separately notes an unspecified forward VLS-launched SAM and a Pantsir-M-style close-in weapon system with short-range missiles. The exact North Korean missile designation remains publicly unconfirmed.
Exocet MM38 anti-ship cruise missile, Ship- and ground-launched anti-ship cruise missile, MunitionsMunitionsExocet MM38 anti-ship cruise missileShip- and ground-launched anti-ship cruise missileThe Exocet MM38 is the original French surface-launched Exocet anti-ship cruise missile, developed by Nord Aviation and fielded from ships before later coastal adaptations. MBDA identifies MM38 as a fire-and-forget, sea-skimming design, while Falklands War sources document Argentine technicians adapting ship-launched MM38 missiles into an improvised shore battery that struck HMS Glamorgan on June 12, 1982.
Al-Mandab-2 anti-ship cruise missile, Anti-ship cruise missile, MunitionsMunitionsAl-Mandab-2 anti-ship cruise missileAnti-ship cruise missileAl-Mandab-2 is a Houthi designation for an anti-ship cruise missile displayed in 2022 and associated by UN, defense, and component-analysis sources with the C-802-derived Iranian Noor/Ghader/Ghadir family. Houthi-affiliated media claimed a seven-meter missile with a 300-kilometer range and micro-turbojet propulsion, while outside assessments differ on whether the public evidence best matches Ghader, Ghadir, or a broader C-802 derivative.

Related News

Sources

Boeing P-8 PoseidonPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports the P-8 Poseidon's anti-surface warfare role and delivery of Harpoon missiles, which establishes it as a carrier aircraft for anti-ship cruise missiles. | Accessed: 2026-07-04USNI News: North Korea Test Launches Anti-ship, Cruise Missiles from First-in-class DestroyerPublisher: USNI News | Note: Supports the Choe Hyon destroyer test-launching anti-ship missiles during April 2026 weapons trials and the ship-launch relationship on this page. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Britannica antiship missile overviewPublisher: Britannica | Note: Supports antiship missile background, launch-platform variety, and general guidance characteristics. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Britannica tactical guided missilesPublisher: Britannica | Note: Supports antiship missile attack profiles such as sea-skimming and pop-up-and-dive terminal maneuvers. | Accessed: 2026-07-04NAVAIR HarpoonPublisher: Naval Air Systems Command | Note: Supports Harpoon launch platforms, 1977 introduction, midcourse guidance, active radar guidance, low-level sea-skimming trajectory, and terminal sea-skim or pop-up modes. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Boeing Harpoon Block II product cardPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports Harpoon Block II anti-ship and land-strike roles, aircraft, ship, submarine, and mobile coastal launch options, guidance, and warhead context. | Accessed: 2026-07-04EXOCET AM39Publisher: MBDA | Note: Supports AM39 Exocet manufacturer background, air-launched family role, service context, and published specifications. | Accessed: 2026-07-04MBDA EXOCET FamilyPublisher: MBDA | Note: Supports Exocet family platform breadth, sea-skimming flight, active radar-homing seeker, and fire-and-forget anti-ship role. | Accessed: 2026-07-04360MC Neptune Missile SystemPublisher: State Kyiv Design Bureau Luch | Note: Manufacturer brochure supporting baseline Neptune role, system composition, missile weight, warhead, range, launcher load, and deployment data. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Successful Tests of the Neptune Cruise Missile System Were HeldPublisher: National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine | Note: Official Ukrainian source confirming the land-based anti-ship role, Luch development, Ukrainian production context, and tested naval-target performance. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Loss of HMS Sheffield - Board of InquiryPublisher: Commander-in-Chief Fleet | Note: Direct 1982 Falklands War source for HMS Sheffield being lost after a single AM39 Exocet hit. | Accessed: 2026-07-04British Ships Sunk and Damaged - Falklands War 1982Publisher: Naval-History.Net | Note: Direct 1982 Falklands War source for HMS Sheffield, Atlantic Conveyor, and HMS Glamorgan being hit or damaged by Exocet missiles. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Legacy of the ExocetPublisher: U.S. Naval Institute | Note: Supports Exocet combat-use background in the 1982 Falklands War and Tanker War phase of the 1980 Iran-Iraq War. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Strait of Hormuz - MissilesPublisher: Robert Strauss Center for International Security and Law | Note: Supports anti-ship cruise missile background and direct historical use in the Tanker War phase of the 1980 Iran-Iraq War, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 1990 Gulf War. | Accessed: 2026-07-04The Evolution of LandpowerPublisher: Center for Strategic and International Studies | Note: 2014 Russia-Ukraine War source stating Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles hit Moskva off Ukraine on April 13, 2022, causing fire and sinking the warship. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Russian War Ship Moskva Sunk by Ukrainian Neptune Anti-Ship Missile, US SaysPublisher: ABC News | Note: Supports 2014 Russia-Ukraine War direct use: Ukrainian Neptune missiles used against the Russian cruiser Moskva. | Accessed: 2026-07-04USNI News: Warship Moskva AnalysisPublisher: USNI News | Note: Supports 2014 Russia-Ukraine War background for the April 2022 Neptune anti-ship missile strike on Moskva and sea-skimming missile context. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Missiles and Rockets of HezbollahPublisher: CSIS Missile Threat | Note: 2006 Lebanon War source identifying C-802/Noor as an anti-ship cruise missile and documenting Hezbollah firing two C-802s at Hanit, including one hit that killed four sailors. | Accessed: 2026-07-04United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert StormPublisher: U.S. Department of Defense GulfLINK | Note: 1990 Gulf War source recording HMS Gloucester destroying an incoming Iraqi Silkworm aimed at USS Missouri and a second Silkworm falling into the Gulf. | Accessed: 2026-07-04NAVAIR P-3C OrionPublisher: Naval Air Systems Command | Note: Supports P-3C Orion anti-surface warfare role and AGM-84 Harpoon carriage for the carrier-aircraft relationship. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Houthis fire anti-ship cruise missile toward U.S. warshipPublisher: U.S. Central Command | Note: 2023 Red Sea Crisis: Houthi militants fired an anti-ship cruise missile from Yemen toward USS Laboon, demonstrating direct use in the conflict. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Houthis fire anti-ship cruise missile toward Red SeaPublisher: U.S. Central Command | Note: 2023 Red Sea Crisis: Houthi militants fired an anti-ship cruise missile toward the Red Sea, and USS Gravely shot it down. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Harpoon missile launch aboard USS ShilohPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Public-domain U.S. Navy image page for a representative anti-ship cruise missile launch. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Exocet launch imagePublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Public-domain U.S. Navy image page for a representative anti-ship cruise missile launch. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Neptune cruise missile imagePublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: CC BY 4.0 image page for a representative anti-ship cruise missile example. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Boeing P-8 Poseidon one-sheetPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports the P-8 Poseidon's anti-surface warfare role and delivery of Harpoon missiles, which establishes it as a carrier aircraft for anti-ship cruise missiles. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Boeing chronologyPublisher: Boeing | Note: Supports the carriedBy relationship because Boeing's chronology says the Harpoon anti-ship missile had a successful first drop test when released from a U.S. Navy P-3C Orion patrol aircraft. | Accessed: 2026-07-04NHHC USS Reid DANFSPublisher: Naval History and Heritage Command | Note: Direct 1980 Iran-Iraq War source for USS Stark being struck by two Iraqi AM39 Exocet anti-ship missiles in the Persian Gulf. | Accessed: 2026-07-04USS Missouri under Attack by Iraqi SilkwormPublisher: Naval History and Heritage Command | Note: Direct 1990 Gulf War source for USS Missouri being fired upon by an Iraqi Silkworm anti-ship missile. | Accessed: 2026-07-04NTI China Missile ChronologyPublisher: Nuclear Threat Initiative | Note: 2006 Lebanon War: directly supports Hezbollah firing a C-802 anti-ship cruise missile against INS Hanit. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Harpoon MissilePublisher: U.S. Navy | Note: Supports Harpoon role, launch platforms, contractor, service entry, guidance, propulsion, dimensions, and general background. | Accessed: 2026-07-04