Munitions

9M311 surface-to-air missile

Also known as
  • 9M311
  • 9M311-1
  • 9M311-1M
  • 9M311K
  • 9M311M
  • 9M311M1
  • 9M311-M1
  • 3M87
  • 3M88
  • 9M88
  • Treugolnik
  • SA-19 Grison
  • SA-N-11 Grison

The 9M311 is a Soviet two-stage, radio-command guided surface-to-air missile family developed for the Tunguska gun-missile air-defense system and adapted for naval Kortik/Kashtan installations. Sources describe a detachable booster, an unpowered missile stage guided by radio commands, and a continuous-rod warhead. Open reporting also documents Ukrainian Tunguska use with a 9M311-series missile firing during the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.

9M311 surface-to-air missile, Two-stage command-guided surface-to-air missile, Munitions
Image source: Weaponsystems.net 9M311

Role in Conflicts

Profile / Specs

Profile

Origin
Soviet Union
Type
Two-stage command-guided surface-to-air missile
Service note
Entered service in 1982 with the Tunguska family; later adapted for naval Kortik/Kashtan systems
Designer
KBP Instrument Design Bureau
Designed
1970s-early 1980s
Produced
Early 1980s-present?

Specifications

Guidance
Radio command guidance
Length
About 2.485 m for the missile section; commonly cited near 2.56 m complete
Weight
About 42-43.2 kg complete; about 57 kg with launch container
Warhead
9 kg continuous-rod warhead
Range
About 1.3-8 km for early missiles; up to about 10 km for 9M311-M1
Altitude envelope
About 15 m to 3.0-3.5 km depending on source and variant
Speed
About 900-910 m/s peak after booster acceleration; about 500-600 m/s average in flight
Propulsion layout
Detachable solid-propellant booster with an unpowered missile stage continuing by inertia
Container
Delivered and launched from a transport-launch container; Kortik missiles are mounted in cylindrical shipboard containers
Variants

The family is usually separated by launch-system generation and export or naval suffixes: original Tunguska missiles, naval Kortik/Kashtan missiles, Tunguska-M updates, and the later M1 missile.

VariantConfigurationDesignation notes
9M311Original Tunguska missile

Weaponsystems.net identifies 9M311 as the original missile introduced with the 2S6 Tunguska in 1982.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311

9M311-1Export designation

Weaponsystems.net lists 9M311-1 as the export model of the original missile.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311

9M311K / 3M87Naval Kortik missile

Missilery.info describes the 9M311K missile in the Kortik system as unified with the 2K22 Tunguska missile, while Weaponsystems.net identifies 3M87 as the naval GRAU index.

Sources: Missilery.info Kortik, Weaponsystems.net 9M311

9M311M / 3M88Tunguska-M update

Weaponsystems.net describes 9M311M as the Tunguska-M missile introduced in 1990 with pulsating tracking illuminators for better electronic-counter-countermeasure resistance.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311

9M311-M1 / 9M311M1Tunguska-M1 and Kashtan-M missile

Weaponsystems.net and ODIN describe the M1 missile as a later 10 km-range update for Tunguska-M1, with a radio proximity fuse and improved tracking features.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311, ODIN 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1

Carrier Platforms

The 9M311 family is documented as the missile armament for the 2K22 Tunguska short-range air-defense system.

CarrierCarrier typeCarriage evidence
2K22 Tunguska, Tracked self-propelled gun-missile air defense system, Air Defense2K22 TunguskaTracked self-propelled air-defense system

The 2K22 Tunguska carries ready-to-fire 9M311-series missiles, with the later Tunguska-M1 using the improved 9M311-M1 missile.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311, ODIN 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311, ODIN 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1

Design And Compatibility Notes

The 9M311 family is best understood through its launch systems and guidance arrangement: the missile is fired from a transport-launch container, receives radio-command corrections from the host system, and relies on a booster that separates early in flight.

Two-stage layout

Missilery.info describes a bicaliber missile with a detachable 152 mm launch motor and a 76 mm missile stage that continues by inertia after booster separation.

Sources: Missilery.info 9M311; Weaponsystems.net 9M311.

Land launcher

The 2K22 Tunguska carries the 9M311 family as its missile armament, with Tunguska-M1 tied to the improved 9M311-M1 missile.

Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9M311; ODIN 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1.

Naval adaptation

The naval Kortik/Kashtan system used the 9M311K missile, described by Missilery.info as unified with the Tunguska missile and mounted in cylindrical shipboard launch containers.

Source: Missilery.info Kortik.

Timeline

9M311 surface-to-air missile Key Events

  1. Initial Tunguska missile enters service

    Weaponsystems.net places 9M311 service entry with the 2S6 Tunguska in 1982.

  2. Kortik naval system enters service

    Missilery.info places the ZM87 Kortik system in service in 1989 and describes its 9M311K missile as unified with the 2K22 Tunguska missile.

  3. 9M311M associated with Tunguska-M

    Weaponsystems.net identifies 9M311M as the improved Tunguska-M missile introduced in 1990.

  4. Tunguska-M1 uses improved missile

    KBP, ODIN, and Weaponsystems.net describe the 2S6M1/Tunguska-M1 generation as using the improved 9M311-1M or 9M311-M1 missile with a 10 km range.

  5. Ukrainian Tunguska firing reported

    Defence24 reported footage of a Ukrainian 2S6 Tunguska firing a 9M311-series missile during the full-scale phase of the Russia-Ukraine War.

Media

9M311 surface-to-air missile Images

9M311 surface-to-air missile, Two-stage command-guided surface-to-air missile, Munitions - view 1
Source: Weaponsystems.net 9M311
Related Weapon Systems
2K22 Tunguska, Tracked self-propelled gun-missile air defense system, Air DefenseAir Defense2K22 TunguskaTracked self-propelled gun-missile air defense systemThe 2K22 Tunguska is a Soviet-designed tracked short-range air defense system that combines twin 30 mm autocannons, 9M311-family surface-to-air missiles, search and tracking radars, and a protected self-propelled chassis. Built to cover maneuver formations against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, and later unmanned threats, it appears in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War on both Russian and Ukrainian sides, with Russian combat losses and Ukrainian missile firings documented in open sources.
S-200 / SA-5 Gammon, Long-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir DefenseS-200 / SA-5 GammonLong-range surface-to-air missile systemThe S-200, known to NATO as the SA-5 Gammon, is a Soviet long-range surface-to-air missile system built around large radar-guided interceptors and semi-fixed launch sites. It appears in the catalog through Libyan SA-5 launches during the 1986 Gulf of Sidra confrontation, Syrian strategic air-defense fire during Israeli and coalition strike episodes, and Ukrainian reactivation for very long-range aircraft engagements and possible ground-attack use in the 2014 Russia-Ukraine War.
Pantsir-S1, Self-propelled short-range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft gun system, Air DefenseAir DefensePantsir-S1Self-propelled short-range surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft gun systemThe Pantsir-S1 is a Russian mobile point-defense system that combines 57E6-family command-guided surface-to-air missiles, twin 30 mm 2A38M automatic cannon, target-acquisition radar, engagement radar, and electro-optical fire control on a wheeled combat vehicle. It is designed to protect military units, air-defense sites, infrastructure, and longer-range air-defense formations against aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, precision weapons, and UAVs, with documented or reported conflict relevance in Ukraine, Syria, Libya, Yemen, and Sudan.

Sources

Weaponsystems.net 9M311Publisher: Weaponsystems.net | Note: Supports 9M311 origin, type, entry into service, guidance, launch method, dimensions, weight, warhead, missile-family background, image provenance, and the Tunguska ready-to-fire relationship. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Missilery.info 9M311Publisher: Missilery.info | Note: Supports the 9M311's two-stage construction, command guidance, dimensions, warhead, and launch-container description. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Missilery.info KortikPublisher: Missilery.info | Note: Supports the Kortik/Kashtan naval system relationship, 9M311K designation, cylindrical transport-launch containers, and 1989 service context. | Accessed: 2026-07-04ODIN 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1Publisher: U.S. Army TRADOC OE Data Integration Network | Note: Supports Tunguska-M1 use of the 9M311-M1 missile and the 10 km missile range. | Accessed: 2026-07-04KBP Tunguska-M1Publisher: KBP Instrument Design Bureau | Note: Archived KBP product page supports Tunguska-M1 system context, the 9M311-1M surface-to-air missile designation, and the 2.5-10 km missile engagement range. | Accessed: 2026-07-04Ukrainska Tunguska w akcjiPublisher: Defence24 | Note: Supports 2014 Russia-Ukraine War direct conflict-use context for Ukrainian 2S6 Tunguska systems, including footage described as firing a 9M311-series missile. | Accessed: 2026-07-04