Municiones

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8

Also known as
  • 3M8
  • 3M8M
  • 3M8M1
  • 3M8M2
  • 3M8M3
  • 9M8
  • 9M8M1
  • 9M8M2
  • SA-4 Ganef missile
  • Krug missile

El 3M8 es el gran misil superficie-aire soviético construido para el sistema de defensa aérea oruga 2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef. Combinaba cuatro aceleradores de lanzamiento de combustible sólido con un sustentador de estatorreactor de queroseno, una ojiva pesada de fragmentación y una integración de guiado por mando con los radares y lanzadores Krug. En el registro del conflicto de Nagorno-Karabaj, la evidencia pública directa se limita a misiles 3M8 capturados documentados junto con equipo Krug armenio abandonado después de la ofensiva azerbaiyana de 2023.

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8, Misil superficie-aire soviético propulsado por estatorreactor, transportado y lanzado por el sistema 2K11 Krug, Municiones
Image source: 3M8 surface-to-air missile '3M8M3K0215' at the Swabian Farmers and Technology Museum. 23-4-2023 (54810356270).jpg

Role in Conflicts

Profile / Specs

Profile

Origin
Unión Soviética
Built in
Soviet Union
Type
Misil superficie-aire soviético propulsado por estatorreactor, transportado y lanzado por el sistema 2K11 Krug
Service note
Misil de la Guerra Fría conservado con sistemas Krug heredados
Designer
Lyulev OKB / OKB-8
Designed
Finales de la década de 1950 a mediados de la década de 1960
Produced
Décadas de 1960-1970
Developed from
2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef

Specifications

Propulsión
Cuatro aceleradores de combustible sólido seguidos por un sustentador de estatorreactor alimentado con queroseno
Guiado/control
Guiado por radio mando a través del sistema Krug; las fuentes difieren sobre detalles previstos o de variantes para la autoguía terminal
Ojiva
Ojiva de fragmentación de alto explosivo de unos 135-150 kg con espoleta de radio/proximidad
Peso de lanzamiento
Aproximadamente 2.450-2.455 kg
Alcance
Base de aproximadamente 11-45 km; variantes Krug posteriores alcanzaron alrededor de 50-55 km según la fuente y la configuración del misil
Altitud de interceptación
Base de aproximadamente 3-23,5 km; envolvente posterior de Krug-M1 de unos 0,15-24,5 km
Longitud
Aproximadamente 8,4 m
Diámetro
Aproximadamente 850 mm
Superficies de control
Alas móviles en la parte media del cuerpo con estabilizadores de cola alrededor del cuerpo del estatorreactor
Missile Architecture

El 3M8 se construyó en torno a un gran cuerpo de estatorreactor, no a un motor cohete compacto. Las fuentes técnicas públicas describen cuatro aceleradores desmontables de combustible sólido para la aceleración inicial, un sustentador de estatorreactor de queroseno para el vuelo principal y un cuerpo de admisión central que alojaba la ojiva, la espoleta y el equipo de presión.

Secuencia de lanzamiento

Los aceleradores impulsaban el misil antes de que el sustentador de estatorreactor tomara el relevo.

Dependencia del sistema

El misil dependía del lanzador Krug y de la cadena de radares, en lugar de operar como una munición independiente.

Límite de la evidencia

La evidencia de conflicto aquí documenta misiles 3M8 capturados con equipo Krug, no lanzamientos confirmados del misil.

Variants

Las fuentes usan tanto 3M8 como designaciones posteriores de estilo 9M8 para los misiles Krug. Las filas de la familia a continuación mantienen la denominación 3M8 del catálogo, al tiempo que señalan las versiones del sistema Krug que las fuentes públicas vinculan con las mejoras del misil.

VariantConfigurationDesignation notes
3M8M / Krug-A missile fitActualización de reducción de zona muerta

Krug-A redujo la altitud mínima de interceptación y el alcance mínimo del sistema en comparación con la versión Krug original.

Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was created

3M8M1 / Krug-M missile fitMejora de alcance y altitud

Krug-M se describe con un límite lejano mejorado de unos 50 km y un límite superior de interceptación de alrededor de 24,5 km.

Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug

3M8M2 / 3M8M3 / Krug-M1 missile fitMejora de baja altitud y corto alcance

Krug-M1 redujo el límite cercano de interceptación a aproximadamente 150 m de altitud y 6-7 km de alcance; las fuentes también identifican referencias posteriores del misil como 9M8M2/3M8M2 o proyectiles 3M8M3 expuestos en museos.

Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, SA-4 GANEF, 2K11 Krug anti-aircraft missile system. 2022

Launch Platform

El 3M8 era el misil transportado y disparado por el complejo de misiles superficie-aire oruga 2K11 Krug.

LauncherLauncher typeLaunch evidence
2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef, Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air Defense2K11 Krug / SA-4 GanefSistema de misiles superficie-aire oruga

La documentación de Krug identifica al 3M8 como el misil transportado en lanzadores 2P24 y lanzado como parte del complejo de defensa aérea más amplio.

Sources: 2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef), 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, Legacy Air Defence System Vehicles

Timeline

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8 Key Events

  1. Krug development work begins

    El trabajo soviético en el complejo móvil de defensa aérea Krug comenzó con NII-20 a cargo del sistema y OKB-8/Lyulyev desarrollando el misil 3M8.

    Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was created

  2. Krug accepted into service

    Informes de VPK/TASS señalan que el complejo 2K11 Krug fue aceptado en servicio soviético por orden del Ministerio de Defensa de la URSS.

    Sources: The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was created

  3. Krug-A modernization enters service

    Krug-A redujo la zona muerta del sistema, bajando el alcance mínimo y la altitud mínima para las interceptaciones.

    Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was created

  4. Krug-M improves envelope

    Krug-M mejoró los límites lejano y superior de la zona de interceptación del sistema de misiles.

    Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug

  5. Krug-M1 lowers close engagement limits

    Krug-M1 redujo aún más los límites de baja altitud y corto alcance del sistema.

    Sources: 2K11 anti-aircraft missile system Krug, The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was created

  6. 3M8 missiles reported seized in Karabakh

    El Ministerio de Defensa de Azerbaiyán dijo que el equipo Krug armenio abandonado cerca de Khojaly incluía lanzadores 2P24 con misiles guiados antiaéreos 3M8.

    Sources: Qarabag abandoned air-defense position video

Media

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8 Videos

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8 Images

Misil guiado antiaéreo 3M8, Misil superficie-aire soviético propulsado por estatorreactor, transportado y lanzado por el sistema 2K11 Krug, Municiones - view 1
Source: 2P24 Transporter-Erector-Launcher with two 3M8 missiles of 2K1 surface-to-air missile complex «Krug» in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Left view.jpg
Related Weapon Systems
2K11 Krug / SA-4 Ganef, Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir Defense2K11 Krug / SA-4 GanefTracked medium-range surface-to-air missile systemThe 2K11 Krug, NATO reporting name SA-4 Ganef, is a Soviet tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system built around 2P24 launchers, 3M8-series missiles, and separate acquisition and guidance radars. Successive Krug-A, Krug-M, and Krug-M1 updates reduced the system's dead zone and improved parts of its engagement envelope. In the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict record, public evidence documents Armenian and Artsakh Krug equipment as legacy air defense and later as damaged, captured, or seized materiel rather than confirmed missile firings.
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2K12 Kub / Kvadrat / SA-6 Gainful, Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system, Air DefenseAir Defense2K12 Kub / Kvadrat / SA-6 GainfulTracked medium-range surface-to-air missile systemThe 2K12 Kub, exported as Kvadrat and known to NATO as SA-6 Gainful, is a Soviet tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system built around 3M9 missiles, 2P25 launch vehicles, and the 1S91 Straight Flush radar. Its conflict record spans the 1973 Yom Kippur War, where Egyptian and Syrian SA-6 batteries became a central air-defense problem for Israeli aviation, and later legacy use or transfer in Ukraine, Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Libya, and Yemen.
9M528 high-explosive fragmentation rocket, 300 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocket, MunitionsMunitions9M528 high-explosive fragmentation rocket300 mm high-explosive fragmentation rocketThe 9M528 is a Russian 300 mm high-explosive fragmentation artillery rocket for the 9K58/BM-30 Smerch family. It is the unitary blast-fragmentation option in the Smerch ammunition set, carrying a 243 kg warhead with 95 kg of explosive and 800 preformed fragments to a reported 90 km maximum range. Human Rights Watch linked the designation to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh fighting after Azerbaijan's mine-action agency identified a 9M528 rocket at Ayrija in Goranboy district.

Sources

The Saving Circle: how the world's first self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system was createdPublisher: VPK.name / TASS | Note: Supports 3M8 background, development chronology, Krug modernization context, and specifications including boosters, ramjet sustainer, missile dimensions, and warhead mass. | Accessed: 2026-07-032K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef)Publisher: U.S. Army ODIN Worldwide Equipment Guide | Note: Supports 3M8 background, the Krug system relationship, and the launcher-and-missile arrangement used by the complex. | Accessed: 2026-07-033M8 anti-aircraft missilePublisher: Missilery.info | Note: Supports 3M8 missile architecture, propulsion details, dimensions, launch weight, warhead, fuze, and control-surface layout. | Accessed: 2026-07-032K11 anti-aircraft missile system KrugPublisher: Missilery.info | Note: Supports Krug development chronology, OKB-8/Lyulyev assignment, Plant No. 8 serial-production context, 3M8 system composition, and version engagement-envelope data. | Accessed: 2026-07-03SA-4 GANEFPublisher: GlobalSecurity.org | Note: Supports alternate 9M8-style missile designations, selected variant distinctions, propulsion, warhead, and guidance context. | Accessed: 2026-07-03Legacy Air Defence System VehiclesPublisher: Air Power Australia | Note: Supports 3M8 relationship to the 2K11 Krug system, 2P24 launcher, 1S12 acquisition radar, 1S32 Pat Hand guidance radar, and broad variant context. | Accessed: 2026-07-032K11 Krug anti-aircraft missile system. 2022Publisher: Polot | Note: Supports museum-display context for a 3M8M3 missile and secondary specification details for later Krug missile equipment. | Accessed: 2026-07-03Qarabag abandoned air-defense position videoPublisher: Azerbaijan Ministry of Defense | Note: Supports 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict direct-use context: Azerbaijan reported 3M8 guided anti-aircraft missiles seized from an abandoned Armenian air-defense position after the September 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh offensive. | Accessed: 2026-07-033M8 surface-to-air missile '3M8M3K0215' at the Swabian Farmers and Technology Museum. 23-4-2023 (54810356270).jpgPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Supports image provenance for a preserved 3M8 missile display. | Accessed: 2026-07-032P24 Transporter-Erector-Launcher with two 3M8 missiles of 2K1 surface-to-air missile complex «Krug» in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Left view.jpgPublisher: Wikimedia Commons | Note: Supports image provenance for 3M8 missiles mounted on a Krug launcher. | Accessed: 2026-07-03