The 9M31M Strela-1M is the improved missile round for the Soviet 9K31 Strela-1 short-range air-defense family. Open references distinguish it from the baseline 9M31 as the 1970 Strela-1M / SA-9B Gaskin Mod 1 standard, with an improved seeker, a 3 kg fragmentation warhead, and a lower minimum engagement boundary for low-altitude targets.
The 9M31M is the improved Strela-1 missile standard; catalog links keep it separate from the baseline 9M31 round because western designation and air-defense references distinguish the SA-9A and SA-9B forms.
| Variant | Configuration | Designation notes |
|---|---|---|
 | Baseline missile round | The original 9M31 was accepted with the 1968 Strela-1 system; the 9M31M followed as the improved Strela-1M / SA-9B missile standard. Sources: Missilery.info Arrow-1, Army Recognition SA-9 Gaskin, Western Designations of Soviet/Russian and Chinese Military Aircraft and Missiles |
The 9M31M was the improved missile round paired with the BRDM-2-based Strela-1 launcher family.
| Carrier | Carrier type | Carriage evidence |
|---|---|---|
 | Vehicle-mounted short-range SAM system | Launcher references describe the 9K31 Strela-1 family as carrying four ready-to-fire 9M31 or 9M31M missiles in launch containers on the BRDM-2-based turret. Sources: Weaponsystems.net 9K31 Strela-1, Army Recognition SA-9 Gaskin |
Public conflict reporting usually names Strela-1 launchers or air-defense systems, not the individual missile round loaded on a vehicle. This page therefore treats the 9M31M as a relationship-only component and focuses on its sourced design split from the earlier 9M31.
| Round | Designation context | Reader note |
|---|---|---|
| SA-9A / Gaskin Mod 0 | Baseline Strela-1 missile associated with the 1968 system adoption. |
| 9M31M | Strela-1M / SA-9B Gaskin Mod 1 | Improved missile standard adopted with Strela-1M in 1970, with a lower minimum range and altitude boundary and improved target engagement performance. |
Sources: Missilery.info Arrow-1; Army Recognition SA-9 Gaskin; Western Designations of Soviet/Russian and Chinese Military Aircraft and Missiles.
The Strela-1 system and its original 9M31 missile were adopted in 1968, establishing the baseline missile family that the 9M31M later modernized.
Sources: Missilery.info Arrow-1, National Defence University of Ukraine Strela-1
The improved Strela-1M standard was adopted in 1970, with references identifying the 9M31M / SA-9B missile improvement as a seeker and low-altitude engagement upgrade over the original round.
Sources: Missilery.info Arrow-1, Army Recognition SA-9 Gaskin, Western Designations of Soviet/Russian and Chinese Military Aircraft and Missiles, Strela-1M
